如何英语演讲稿模板（20篇范文）

如何英语演讲稿 模板1

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简介：面对商场里五花八门的商品，你的选择恐惧症又犯了吗? 美国哥伦比亚大学商学教授sheena iyengar研究如何让你在做选择时更容易。为了让你的选择省时省力，商家又会有哪些诀窍呢?

do you know how many choices you make in a typical day? do you know how many choices you make in typical week? i recently did a survey with over 2,000 americans, and the average number of choices that the typical american reports making is about 70 in a typical day. there was also recently a study done with ceos in which they followed ceos around for a whole week. and these scientists simply documented all the various tasks that these ceos engaged in and how much time they spent engaging in making decisions related to these tasks. and they found that the average ceo engaged in about 139 tasks in a week. each task was made up of many, many, many sub-choices of course. 50 percent of their decisions were made in nine minutes or less. only about 12 percent of the decisions did they make an hour or more of their time. think about your own choices. do you know how many choices make it into your nine minute category versus your one hour category? how well do you think you"re doing at managing those choices?

today i want to talk about one of the biggest modern day choosing problems that we have, which is the choice overload problem. i want to talk about the problem and some potential solutions. now as i talk about this problem, i"m going to have some questions for you and i"m going to want to know your answers. so when i ask you a question, since i"m blind, only raise your hand if you want to burn off some calories. (laughter) otherwise, when i ask you a question, and if your answer is yes, i"d like you to clap your hands. so for my first question for you today: are you guys ready to hear about the choice overload problem? (applause) thank you.

so when i was a graduate student at stanford university, i used to go to this very, very upscale grocery store; at least at that time it was truly upscale. it was a store called draeger"s. now this store, it was almost like going to an amusement park. they had 250 different kinds of mustards and vinegars and over 500 different kinds of fruits and vegetables and more than two dozen different kinds of bottled water -- and this was during a time when we actually used to drink tap water. i used to love going to this store, but on one occasion i asked myself, well how come you never buy anything? here"s their olive oil aisle. they had over 75 different kinds of olive oil, including those that were in a locked case that came from thousand-year-old olive trees.

so i one day decided to pay a visit to the manager, and i asked the manager, "is this model of offering people all this choice really working?" and he pointed to the busloads of tourists that would show up everyday, with cameras ready usually. we decided to do a little e_periment, and we picked jam for our e_periment. here"s their jam aisle. they had 348 different kinds of jam. we set up a little tasting booth right near the entrance of the store. we there put out si_ different flavors of jam or 24 different flavors of jam, and we looked at two things: first, in which case were people more likely to stop, sample some jam? more people stopped when there were 24, about 60 percent, than when there were si_, about 40 percent. the ne_t thing we looked at is in which case were people more likely to buy a jar of jam. now we see the opposite effect. of the people who stopped when there were 24, only three percent of them actually bought a jar of jam. of the people who stopped when there were si_, well now we saw that 30 percent of them actually bought a jar of jam. now if you do the math, people were at least si_ times more likely to buy a jar of jam if they encountered si_ than if they encountered 24.

now choosing not to buy a jar of jam is probably good for us -- at least it"s good for our waistlines -- but it turns out that this choice overload problem affects us even in very consequential decisions. we choose not to choose, even when it goes against our best self-interests. so now for the topic of today: financial savings. now i"m going to describe to you a study i did with gur huberman, emir kamenica, wei jang where we looked at the retirement savings decisions of nearly a million americans from about 650 plans all in the u.s. and what we looked at was whether the number of fund offerings available in a retirement savings plan, the 401(k) plan, does that affect people"s likelihood to save more for tomorrow. and what we found was that indeed there was a correlation. so in these plans, we had about 657 plans that ranged from offering people anywhere from two to 59 different fund offerings. and what we found was that, the more funds offered, indeed, there was less participation rate.

so if you look at the e_tremes, those plans that offered you two funds, participation rates were around in the mid-70s -- still not as high as we want it to be. in those plans that offered nearly 60 funds, participation rates have now dropped to about the 60th percentile. now it turns out that even if you do choose to participate when there are more choices present, even then, it has negative consequences. so for those people who did choose to participate, the more choices available, the more likely people were to completely avoid stocks or equity funds. the more choices available, the more likely they were to put all their money in pure money market accounts. now neither of these e_treme decisions are the kinds of decisions that any of us would recommend for people when you"re considering their future financial well-being.

well, over the past decade, we have observed three main negative consequences to offering people more and more choices. they"re more likely to delay choosing -- procrastinate even when it goes against their best self-interest. they"re more likely to make worse choices -- worse financial choices, medical choices. they"re more likely to choose things that make them less satisfied, even when they do objectively better. the main reason for this is because, we might enjoy gazing at those giant walls of mayonnaises, mustards, vinegars, jams, but we can"t actually do the math of comparing and contrasting and actually picking from that stunning display. so what i want to propose to you today are four simple techniques -- techniques that we have tested in one way or another in different research venues -- that you can easily apply in your businesses.

the first: cut. you"ve heard it said before, but it"s never been more true than today, that less is more. people are always upset when i say, "cut." they"re always worried they"re going to lose shelf space. but in fact, what we"re seeing more and more is that if you are willing to cut, get rid of those e_traneous redundant options, well there"s an increase in sales, there"s a lowering of costs, there is an improvement of the choosing e_perience. when proctor & gamble went from 26 different kinds of head & shoulders to 15, they saw an increase in sales by 10 percent. when the golden cat corporation got rid of their 10 worst-selling cat litter products, they saw an increase in profits by 87 percent -- a function of both increase in sales and lowering of costs. you know, the average grocery store today offers you 45,000 products. the typical walmart today offers you 100,000 products. but the ninth largest retailer, the ninth biggest retailer in the world today is aldi, and it offers you only 1,400 products -- one kind of canned tomato sauce.

now in the financial savings world, i think one of the best e_amples that has recently come out on how to best manage the choice offerings has actually been something that david laibson was heavily involved in designing, which was the program that they have at harvard. every single harvard employee is now automatically enrolled in a lifecycle fund. for those people who actually want to choose, they"re given 20 funds, not 300 or more funds. you know, often, people say, "i don"t know how to cut. they"re all important choices." and the first thing i do is i ask the employees, "tell me how these choices are different from one another. and if your employees can"t tell them apart, neither can your consumers."

now before we started our session this afternoon, i had a chat with gary. and gary said that he would be willing to offer people in this audience an all-e_penses-paid free vacation to the most beautiful road in the world. here"s a description of the road. and i"d like you to read it. and now i"ll give you a few seconds to read it and then i want you to clap your hands if you"re ready to take gary up on his offer. (light clapping) okay. anybody who"s ready to take him up on his offer. is that all? all right, let me show you some more about this. (laughter) you guys knew there was a trick, didn"t you. (honk) now who"s ready to go on this trip. (applause) (laughter) i think i might have actually heard more hands.

all right. now in fact, you had objectively more information the first time around than the second time around, but i would venture to guess that you felt that it was more real the second time around. because the pictures made it feel more real to you. which brings me to the second technique for handling the choice overload problem, which is concretization. that in order for people to understand the differences between the choices, they have to be able to understand the consequences associated with each choice, and that the consequences need to be felt in a vivid sort of way, in a very concrete way. why do people spend an average of 15 to 30 percent more when they use an atm card or a credit card as opposed to cash? because it doesn"t feel like real money. and it turns out that making it feel more concrete can actually be a very positive tool to use in getting people to save more.

so a study that i did with shlomo benartzi and alessandro previtero, we did a study with people at ing -- employees that are all working at ing -- and now these people were all in a session where they"re doing enrollment for their 401(k) plan. and during that session, we kept the session e_actly the way it used to be, but we added one little thing. the one little thing we added was we asked people to just think about all the positive things that would happen in your life if you saved more. by doing that simple thing, there was an increase in enrollment by 20 percent and there was an increase in the amount of people willing to save or the amount that they were willing to put down into their savings account by four percent.

the third technique: categorization. we can handle more categories than we can handle choices. so for e_ample, here"s a study we did in a magazine aisle. it turns out that in wegmans grocery stores up and down the northeast corridor, the magazine aisles range anywhere from 331 different kinds of magazines all the way up to 664. but you know what? if i show you 600 magazines and i divide them up into 10 categories, versus i show you 400 magazines and divide them up into 20 categories, you believe that i have given you more choice and a better choosing e_perience if i gave you the 400 than if i gave you the 600. because the categories tell me how to tell them apart.

here are two different jewelry displays. one is called "jazz" and the other one is called "swing." if you think the display on the left is swing and the display on the right is jazz, clap your hands. (light clapping) okay, there"s some. if you think the one on the left is jazz and the one on the right is swing, clap your hands. okay, a bit more. now it turns out you"re right. the one on the left is jazz and the one on the right is swing, but you know what? this is a highly useless categorization scheme. (laughter) the categories need to say something to the chooser, not the choice-maker. and you often see that problem when it comes down to those long lists of all these funds. who are they actually supposed to be informing?

my fourth technique: condition for comple_ity. it turns out we can actually handle a lot more information than we think we can, we"ve just got to take it a little easier. we have to gradually increase the comple_ity. i"m going to show you one e_ample of what i"m talking about. let"s take a very, very complicated decision: buying a car. here"s a german car manufacturer that gives you the opportunity to completely custom make your car. you"ve got to make 60 different decisions, completely make up your car. now these decisions vary in the number of choices that they offer per decision. car colors, e_terior car colors -- i"ve got 56 choices. engines, gearshift -- four choices. so now what i"m going to do is i"m going to vary the order in which these decisions appear. so half of the customers are going to go from high choice, 56 car colors, to low choice, four gearshifts. the other half of the customers are going to go from low choice, four gearshifts, to 56 car colors, high choice.

what am i going to look at? how engaged you are. if you keep hitting the default button per decision, that means you"re getting overwhelmed, that means i"m losing you. what you find is the people who go from high choice to low choice, they"re hitting that default button over and over and over again. we"re losing them. they go from low choice to high choice, they"re hanging in there. it"s the same information. it"s the same number of choices. the only thing that i have done is i have varied the order in which that information is presented. if i start you off easy, i learn how to choose. even though choosing gearshift doesn"t tell me anything about my preferences for interior decor, it still prepares me for how to choose. it also gets me e_cited about this big product that i"m putting together, so i"m more willing to be motivated to be engaged.

so let me recap. i have talked about four techniques for mitigating the problem of choice overload -- cut -- get rid of the e_traneous alternatives; concretize -- make it real; categorize -- we can handle more categories, less choices; condition for comple_ity. all of these techniques that i"m describing to you today are designed to help you manage your choices -- better for you, you can use them on yourself, better for the people that you are serving. because i believe that the key to getting the most from choice is to be choosy about choosing. and the more we"re able to be choosy about choosing the better we will be able to practice the art of choosing.

thank you very much.

(applause)

如何英语演讲稿 模板2

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ladies and gentlemen。

i"d like to welcome everyone。

i"m here to teach you how to say no。

i use to be a "yes person。"

i thought it was impolite to say no。

i was a chronic "people-pleaser。"

i finally came to my senses。

i found the courage to be honest!

let me tell you now what i learned。

first，you must face reality。

you can"t say yes to every request!

you must realize it"s impossible!

you can"t be everywhere at once!

you can"t do everything all the time。

you"ll fail or go crazy for sure。

you can"t do too much!

you can"t bite off more than you can chew!

sometimes you have to say no

second，just tell the truth。

just be totally honest。

the truth will set you free!

always tell it like it is。

nobody is perfect。

nobody can please everyone every day。

show courage and character。

show wisdom and maturity。

don"t be afraid to say no。

third，just refuse politely。

just communicate clearly。

be sincere and sympathetic。

just look the person in the eye。

just slowly shake your head。

say，"i"d like to say yes but i can"t。"

a true friend will understand。

a kind person can handle it ok。

only a selfish few will get upset。

fourth，don"t feel guilty。

don"t beat yourself up。

don"t let saying no upset you。

you"re dong the right thing。

you"re doing the smart thing。

you"re saving yourself lots of trouble。

sometimes you have to do it。

sometimes you have no choice。

refusing favors is part of life。

in conclusion，just do it!

just practice saying no。

memorize the following rejections。

i"m so sorry。

i have to say no。

i have no time today。

now，i have to go。

now，i must say no。

sorry，no more for today。(thank you。)

如何英语演讲稿 模板3

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演说题目：how your brain decides what is beautiful

演说者：anjan chatterjee

it"s 1878. sir francis galton gives aremarkable talk. he"s speaking to the anthropologic institute of great britainand ireland. known for his pioneering work in human intelligence, galton is abrilliant polymath. he"s an e_plorer, an anthropologist, a sociologist, apsychologist and a statistician. he"s also a eugenist.

1878 年，弗朗西斯高尔顿爵士 做了一场非凡的演说。演说的对象是英国 与爱尔兰的人类学机构。高尔顿以他在人类智慧领域的先驱工作闻名，他是个博学的人。他是个探险家、是个人类学家、是个社会学家、是个心理学家、也是个统计学家。他还是个优生学家。

in this talk, hepresents a new technique by which he can combine photographs and producecomposite portraits. this technique could be used to characterize differenttypes of people. galton thinks that if he combines photographs of violentcriminals, he will discover the face of criminality. but to his surprise, thecomposite portrait that he produces is beautiful.

在那场演说中，他展示了一项新技术，他可以把照片结合产生出复合的肖像。这项技术可以用来 描绘不同类型人的特色。高尔顿认为，如果他可以把 暴力罪犯的照片结合起来，他也许就能够发现罪犯的面貌。但，出乎他意料，他制作出的复合肖像竟然很美。

galton"s surprising finding raises deep questions:what is beauty? why do certain configurations of line and color and form e_citeus so? for most of human history, these questions have been approached usinglogic and speculation. but in the last few decades, scientists have addressedthe question of beauty using ideas from evolutionary psychology and tools ofneuroscience. we"re beginning to glimpse the why and the how of beauty, atleast in terms of what it means for the human face and form. and in theprocess, we"re stumbling upon some surprises.

高尔顿的意外发现，带出了更深的问题： 美，到底是什么? 为什么将线条、颜色、形式 做某些配置之后就能感动我们? 在大部份的人类史上，人们都用逻辑和推测来处理这些问题。但在最近几十年，科学家在处理关于美的问题时，用的是来自演化心理学的想法 以及神经科学的工具。我们开始研究美的定义与成因，至少对脸部及外型 已经开始有了审美的概念。在过程中，我们偶然发现了一些惊喜。

when it comes to seeing beauty in eachother, while this decision is certainly subjective for the individual, it"ssculpted by factors that contribute to the survival of the group. manye_periments have shown that a few basic parameters contribute to what makes aface attractive. these include averaging, symmetry and the effects of hormones.let"s take each one of these in turn.

谈到互看顺眼时，对个人而言，其审美标准 绝对是主观的，原因是因为这样对 团体的生存有所贡献。许多实验都显示，有几个基本参数与脸孔的吸引力有关。这些参数包括大众脸、对称性、以及荷尔蒙的影响。我们一项一项来讨论。

galton"s finding that composite or averagefaces are typically more attractive than each individual face that contributes tothe average has been replicated many times. this laboratory finding fits withmany people"s intuitions. average faces represent the central tendencies of agroup. people with mi_ed features represent different populations, andpresumably harbor greater genetic diversity and adaptability to theenvironment. many people find mi_ed-race individuals attractive and inbredfamilies less so.

高尔顿发现，混血儿或有大众脸的人 通常比一般单一血种的后代 更具吸引力。这个实验室的发现，与许多人的直觉不谋而合。一般人的面孔代表了一个团体的主要倾向。有混血特征的人，代表着不同的族群，也被认定有着更高的 基因多样性、以及对环境的适应力。许多人觉得混血儿的脸孔 是较有吸引力的，而近亲交配的家庭就比较没吸引力。

the second factor that contributes tobeauty is symmetry. people generally find symmetric faces more attractive thanasymmetric ones. developmental abnormalities are often associated withasymmetries. and in plants, animals and humans, asymmetries often arise fromparasitic infections. symmetry, it turns out, is also an indicator of health.

与美有关的第二个因子是对称性。一般来说，人们觉得对称的面孔 比不对称的更有吸引力。不正常的成长通常都与不对称有关。植物、动物、及人类，造成不对称的原因通常是受到寄生虫的感染。因此，对称性 也是健康的指标。

in the 1930s, a man named maksymilian faktorowicz recognized the importance ofsymmetry for beauty when he designed the beauty micrometer. with this device,he could measure minor asymmetric flaws which he could then make up for withproducts he sold from his company, named brilliantly after himself, ma_ factor,which, as you know, is one of the world"s most famous brands for "makeup."

在 1930 年代，有个叫蜜斯米兰佛陀维兹的人，当时他在设计美容校准仪时，体认到对称性对于美的重要性，有了这个仪器，他可以测量出微小的对称瑕疵，接着他就可以用他公司所贩卖的产品来补救，并很聪明地把他的名字取其谐音 作为公司的名称，蜜丝佛陀，各位应该知道，它是世界知名的 化妆品公司之一。

the third factor that contributes to facialattractiveness is the effect of hormones. and here, i need to apologize forconfining my comments to heterose_ual norms. but estrogen and testosterone playimportant roles in shaping features that we find attractive. estrogen producesfeatures that signal fertility.

与脸部吸引力有关的第三个因子是 荷尔蒙的影响力。在此我得道个歉，因为我的意见 仅限于异性恋的标准上。但在形成被我们认为有吸引力的那些特征上，雌激素和睪丸素扮演了重要的角色。雌激素产生的特征会传达出生育力。

men typically find women attractive who haveelements of both youth and maturity. a face that"s too baby-like might meanthat the girl is not yet fertile, so men find women attractive who have largeeyes, full lips and narrow chins as indicators of youth, and high cheekbones asan indicator of maturity.

男人通常会觉得，同时俱有 年轻和成熟元素的女人 很有吸引力。太幼齿的面孔可能代表着 这个女孩还没有生育能力，所以能吸引男人的女人通常有大眼睛、丰唇、窄下巴，这些都是年轻的指标; 而高颧骨则是成熟的指标。

testosterone produces features that weregard as typically masculine. these include heavier brows, thinner cheeks andbigger, squared-off jaws. but here"s a fascinating irony. in many species, ifanything, testosterone suppresses the immune system. so the idea thattestosterone-infused features are a fitness indicator doesn"t really make awhole lot of sense. here, the logic is turned on its head. instead of a fitnessindicator, scientists invoke a handicap principle.

睪丸素产生的特征，通常会被我们 认定为很有男子气概。这些特征包括浓眉、瘦脸颊、较大且方形的下颌。但这里有个很迷人的讽刺。在许多物种中，睪丸素的增加反而会抑制免疫系统。所以认为睪丸素 所赋予的特征是强健的指针，其实不是很有道理。在这里，逻辑被颠覆了。科学家提出了一条 生理缺陷原则，指出睪丸素并非强健的指标。

the most commonly cited e_ample of ahandicap is the peacock"s tail. this beautiful but cumbersome tail doesn"te_actly help the peacock avoid predators and approach peahens. why should suchan e_travagant appendage evolve? even charles darwin, in an 1860 letter to asagray wrote that the sight of the peacock"s tail made him physically ill. hecouldn"t e_plain it with his theory of natural selection, and out of thisfrustration, he developed the theory of se_ual selection.

最常被引用的生理缺陷例子，就是孔雀的尾巴。这美丽但累赘的尾巴 并不能帮助雄孔雀 避开猎食者，也不方便接近雌孔雀。为什么这种奢华的附属品会被演化出来? 即使达尔文，在 1860 年写给 阿萨格雷的信上也提到，看见孔雀尾巴会让他 感到身理上的不舒服。他无法用他的天择说来解释原因，出于这挫折，他发展出了性择说。

on this account, the display of thepeacock"s tail is about se_ual enticement, and this enticement means it"s morelikely the peacock will mate and have offspring. now, the modern twist on thisdisplay argument is that the peacock is also advertising its health to thepeahen. only especially fit organisms can afford to divert resources to maintainingsuch an e_travagant appendage. only especially fit men can afford the pricethat testosterone levies on their immune system. and by analogy, think of thefact that only very rich men can afford to pay more than $10,000 for a watch asa display of their financial fitness.

由于这个原因，孔雀展示尾巴的目的是性诱惑，这种诱惑意味着这孔雀 很可能想交配、想生育后代。换个现代的角度想，雄孔雀是在向雌孔雀展现牠的健康。只有特别强健的有机体才有资格传宗接代，并保有这奢华的附属物。只有特别健康的人，才承担得起睪丸素 抑制免疫系统的风险。举个类似的现实例子，只有超级富翁才有能力买支 超过一万美金的手表，来彰显他们的经济实力。

now, many people hear these kinds ofevolutionary claims and think they mean that we somehow are unconsciouslyseeking mates who are healthy. and i think this idea is probably not right.teenagers and young adults are not e_actly known for making decisions that arepredicated on health concerns. but they don"t have to be, and let me e_plainwhy.

许多人听到这类的演化主张，就会想，是不是这个原因，我们人类会下意识地 去寻找健康的配偶。我认为这个想法可能不太对。青少年和年轻人容易被看上的原因，并不完全是他们健康条件上的优势。他们也不想这样，让我来解释原因。

imagine a population in which people havethree different kinds of preferences: for green, for orange and for red. fromtheir point of view, these preferences have nothing to do with health; theyjust like what they like.

想象有一个族群，族群中的人有三种偏好： 有人偏好绿色、有人偏好橘色、有人偏好红色。从他们的观点，这些偏好与健康无关; 他们就是喜欢这颜色。

but if it were also the case that these preferencesare associated with the different likelihood of producing offspring -- let"ssay in a ratio of 3:2:1 -- then in the first generation, there would be 3greens to 2 oranges to 1 red, and in each subsequent generation, the proportionof greens increase, so that in 10 generations, 98 percent of this populationhas a green preference.

但如果我们人类对这些颜色偏好的比率 也刚好与产生后代的有关…... 假设原来的比率是 3:2:1…...那么，在第一代中，会有三个绿色、两个橘色、一个红色。在后续的每个世代中，喜欢绿色的比例会增加，在十代之后，这个族群中就有 98% 的人都偏好绿色。

now, a scientist coming in and sampling this populationdiscovers that green preferences are universal. so the point about this littleabstract e_ample is that while preferences for specific physical features canbe arbitrary for the individual, if those features are heritable and they areassociated with a reproductive advantage, over time, they become universal forthe group.

现在来了一个科学家，对这个族群进行抽样，发现对绿色的偏好是很普遍的。这个小小的纯理论例子的重点是，虽然对于特定身体特征的偏好可能是因人而异的，但如果那些特征是有遗传性的，而且与繁殖优势有关联的话，随时间过去，这些特征就会变成团体的普遍现象。

so what happens in the brain when we seebeautiful people? attractive faces activate parts of our visual corte_ in theback of the brain, an area called the fusiform gyrus, that is especially tunedto processing faces, and an adjacent area called the lateral occipital comple_,that is especially attuned to processing objects.

所以，当我们看见美丽的人时，头脑中会发生什么变化? 有吸引力的脸孔会触发 我们的部份视觉皮层，它位在大脑的后方，这个区域叫做梭状回，专门用来处理脸孔信息，还有一个相邻的区域，叫侧枕叶复合体，它是特别用来处理对象信息的。

in addition, attractive facesactivate parts of our reward and pleasure centers in the front and deep in thebrain, and these include areas that have complicated names, like the ventralstriatum, the orbitofrontal corte_ and the ventromedial prefrontal corte_. ourvisual brain that is tuned to processing faces interacts with our pleasurecenters to underpin the e_perience of beauty.

此外，具吸引力的脸孔会触发位在我们大脑前方深处的 奖赏与快感中枢，包括一些名称复杂的区域，比如腹侧纹状体、眼眶额叶皮质、及腹内侧额叶。我们用来处理脸孔的视觉大脑 会和我们的快感中枢互动，强化对美感的体验。

amazingly, while we all engage with beauty,without our knowledge, beauty also engages us. our brains respond to attractivefaces even when we"re not thinking about beauty. we conducted an e_periment inwhich people saw a series of faces, and in one condition, they had to decide ifa pair of faces were the same or a different person.

但惊人的是，当我们「遇见」美丽时，却不知道，美丽同时也「遇见」了我们。即使我们没有想着美，我们的大脑却会对 有吸引力的脸孔做出反应。我们做了一个实验，让人们看一系列的脸孔，在一个条件下，他们得要判定一对脸孔是否属于同一个人。

even in this condition,attractive faces drove neural activity robustly in their visual corte_, despitethe fact that they were thinking about a person"s identity and not theirbeauty. another group similarly found automatic responses to beauty within ourpleasure centers. taken together, these studies suggest that our brainautomatically responds to beauty by linking vision and pleasure. these beauty detectors,it seems, ping every time we see beauty, regardless of whatever else we mightbe thinking.

即使在这个情况中，有吸引力的脸孔会明显地驱动 受测者视觉皮层的神经活动，尽管当时他们在想的是人的身份，而不是他们美不美。另一群人也有类似发现，在我们的快感中枢里，我们对美会有自动的反应。整体来看，这些研究指出，我们的大脑会藉由视觉和快感的链接对美会自动的反应，似乎，每回当我们看到美时，这些对美有反应的侦测器就会响起，不论我们当时在想什么其它的事。

we also have a "beauty is good"stereotype embedded in the brain. within the orbitofrontal corte_, there"soverlapping neural activity in response to beauty and to goodness, and thishappens even when people aren"t e_plicitly thinking about beauty or goodness.our brains seem to refle_ively associate beauty and good. and this refle_iveassociation may be the biologic trigger for the many social effects of beauty.attractive people receive all kinds of advantages in life. they"re regarded asmore intelligent, more trustworthy, they"re given higher pay and lesserpunishments, even when such judgments are not warranted.

我们脑中也内建了一个 「美等于好」的刻板印象。在眼眶额叶皮质中，对于「美」及「好」 所造成的神经活动反应 是有重迭性的，即使人们没有特别去想着美或好，也会发生。我们的大脑似乎会反射性地把美与好连结在一起。社会上因「美」而产生的回馈，其背后的关联性可能就是 这些生物触发器在驱动。有吸引力的人，在人生中有各种优势。他们会被视为比较聪明，比较值得信赖，他们会比较高薪、比较少受惩罚，即使这类的判断是没根据的。

these kinds of observations reveal beauty"sugly side. in my lab, we recently found that people with minor facial anomaliesand disfigurements are regarded as less good, less kind, less intelligent, lesscompetent and less hardworking. unfortunately, we also have a "disfiguredis bad" stereotype. this stereotype is probably e_ploited and magnified byimages in popular media, in which facial disfigurement is often used as ashorthand to depict someone of villainous character. we need to understandthese kinds of implicit biases if we are to overcome them and aim for a societyin which we treat people fairly, based on their behavior and not on thehappenstance of their looks.

观察到这种现象 也揭露出美的丑陋面。在我的实验室中，我们最近发现 有轻微面部异常及缺损的人，会被认为比较不好、比较不仁慈、比较不聪明、比较没能力、且比较不努力。不幸的是，我们也有「缺损等于不好」的刻板印象。大众媒体的影像可能会利用和放大 这种刻板印象，他们常用「面部缺损」 这种简单的描绘方式 来形容反派人物。我们需要了解这类的暗示性偏见，才有可能克服它们，并朝向一个能平等待人的社会迈进，不要只是看一个人的外表就断定人的好坏。

let me leave you with one final thought.beauty is a work in progress. the so-called universal attributes of beauty wereselected for during the almost two million years of the pleistocene. life wasnasty, brutish and a very long time ago. the selection criteria forreproductive success from that time doesn"t really apply today.

让我留给各位一个最后的思考。美的定义还在改变。所谓放诸四海皆准的美的特征 是从几乎两百万年的 「更新世」所挑选出来的。那时生命很糟糕、很粗野、很古早。当时能繁衍成功的选择标准在现今并不适用。

for e_ample, death by parasite is not oneof the top ways that people die, at least not in the technologically developedworld. from antibiotics to surgery, birth control to in vitro fertilization,the filters for reproductive success are being rela_ed. and under these rela_edconditions, preference and trait combinations are free to drift and become morevariable. even as we are profoundly affecting our environment, modern medicineand technological innovation is profoundly affecting the very essence of whatit means to look beautiful. the universal nature of beauty is changing even aswe"re changing the universe.

比如，因寄生虫而造成死亡 并不是人类前几名的死因，至少在技术发达的世界中不是。从抗生素到手术，从生育控制到试管授精，繁殖成功的过滤器已经被放宽了。在这些放宽的条件下，偏好与特性的组合可以自由搭配，也变得更多样性。即使我们会深深影响我们的环境，现代医学及技术创新会深深影响着 我们对美的定义。即使我们正在改变全世界，普世价值对美的定义也在改变。

thank you.(applause)

谢谢大家。(掌声)

如何英语演讲稿 模板4

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66岁创业成功，如何做到?

演讲者：paul tasner

i"d like to take you back about seven years in my life. friday afternoon, a few days before christmas 20__. i was the director of operations at a consumer products company in san francisco, and i was called into a meeting that was already in progress. that meeting turned out to be my e_it interview. i was fired, along with several others.

我想带你们回到我大约7年前的生活。那是20__年圣诞节前几天一个周五的下午，当时的我是旧金山 一家消费品公司的运营总监。我被叫进一个正在进行的会议。我发现这场会议是我的离职面谈。和其他的几个人一样，我被解雇了。

i was 64 years old at the time. it wasn"t completely une_pected. i signed a stack of papers,gathered my personal effects, and left to join my wife who was waiting for me at a nearby restaurant,completely unaware. fast-forward several hours, we both got really silly drunk.

那时我64岁。这并不完全出乎我的意料。我签了一堆的文件，收拾了一下自己的东西，就去找我的妻子了，她在附近的一个小饭店里等我，但对此毫不知情。几个小时很快过去了，我们都喝得伶仃大醉。

so, 40 plus years of continuous employment for a variety of companies, large and small, was over. i had a good a network, a good reputation -- i thought i"d be just fine. i was an engineer in manufacturing and packaging. i had a good background. retirement was, like for so many people, simply not an option for me.so i turned to consulting for the ne_t couple of years without any passion whatsoever.

就这样，40多年在各个公司间颠沛流离的职业生涯结束了。我拥有很好的朋友圈，人缘也不错我以为这没什么大不了的。我曾经是个工作于制造业和包装业的工程师。我有很好的从业背景，跟很多人一样，退休对我来说，也算不上是一种选择。于是在接下来的几年中我一直做着咨询工作，却没有什么激情。

and then an idea began to take root, born from my concern for our environment. i wanted to build my own business, designing and manufacturing biodegradable packaging from waste -- paper, agricultural, even te_tile waste -- replacing the to_ic, disposable plastic packaging to which we"ve all become addicted.

然而后来因为我对环境的关心，我产生了一个新的想法。我想要建立自己的公司，从废物中设计并生产 能进行生物降解的包装，用以废纸、作物，甚至是纺织废料为原料所制造的包装，取代那些人类越来越依赖的，有毒的一次性塑料包装。

this is called clean technology, and it felt really meaningful to me. a venture that could help to reduce the billions of pounds of single-use plastic packaging dumped each year and polluting our land, our rivers and our oceans, and left for future generations to resolve -- our grandchildren, my grandchildren.

这被称作清洁技术。它对我而言意义非凡。这家公司每年能帮助减少数十亿磅污染我们的土地、河流和海洋的一次性塑料包装，它们也会给我们的子孙后代造成困扰—— 我们的孙辈，我的孙辈。

and so now at the age of 66, with 40 years of e_perience, i became an entrepreneur for the very first time.thank you. but there"s more.

现在我66岁，有着40年的工作经验，第一次成为了一名企业家。谢谢。但不仅如此。

lots of issues to deal with: manufacturing, outsourcing, job creation, patents, partnerships, funding -- these are all typical issues for a start-up, but hardly typical for me. and a word about funding. i live and work in san francisco. and if you"re looking for funding, you are typically going to compete with some very young peoplefrom the high-tech industry, and it can be very discouraging and intimidating. i have shoes older than most of these people.

很多事情有待解决： 生产，外包，招聘，专利，合伙人，资金—— 这些都是创业者面临的典型问题，但对我而言并非如此。顺带说下资金。我在旧金山居住和工作。如果你要寻找资金，那你一般要与一些从事着高科技工作的年轻人竞争，这很令人丧气和胆怯。我穿的鞋年头都比 这些人年纪还要大。

i do.

确实如此。

but five years later, i"m thrilled and proud to share with you that our revenues have doubled every year, we have no debt, we have several marquee clients, our patent was issued, i have a wonderful partner who"s been with me right from the beginning, and we"ve won more than 20 awards for the work that we"ve done.but best of all, we"ve made a small dent -- a very small dent -- in the worldwide plastic pollution crisis.

但五年过去了，我可以兴奋且自豪的告诉大家，我们的收入每年倍增，没有外债，还有一些重要的客户，专利申请也通过了。我有一个很棒的合伙人，他从最初就和我一起创业，我们的工作已经获得了超过20个奖项。不过最好的是，我们缓解了—— 微不足道地缓解了—— 世界塑料污染危机。

and i am doing the most rewarding and meaningful work of my life right now. i can tell you there"s lots of resources available to entrepreneurs of all ages, but what i really yearned for five years ago was to find other first-time entrepreneurs who were my age. i wanted to connect with them. i had no role models, absolutely none. that 20-something app developer from silicon valley was not my role model.

而我现在做着一生中 回报最为丰厚、最有意义的工作。我可以告诉大家，对各个年龄阶段的 企业家，都有很多可利用的资源。但过去五年我最渴望的事情是找到其他与我同龄的，第一次创业的 企业家，我想和他们取得联系。那时我没有可以参考的榜样，完全没有。硅谷那位20多岁的应用程序开发者可不是我的榜样。

i"m sure he was very clever --i want to do something about that, and i want all of us to do something about that. i want us to start talking more about people who don"t become entrepreneurs until they are seniors. talking about these bold men and women who are checking in when their peers, in essence, are checking out. and then connecting all these people across industries, across regions, across countries -- building a community.

我确信他很聪明。所以，我想改变一下现状，我希望所有人都可以有所行动。我希望我们可以更多的谈论 那些直到老年才成为企业家的人。多谈论这些勇敢的人，当他们的同龄人退休时，他们才开始正式入行。然后，将所有这些跨行业、跨地区、跨国家的人联合起来，组成一个社区。

you know, the small business administration tells us that 64 percent of new jobs created in the private sector in the usa are thanks to small businesses like mine. and who"s to say that we"ll stay forever small?we have an interesting culture that really e_pects when you reach a certain age, you"re going to be golfing, or playing checkers, or babysitting the grandkids all of the time.

小企业管理局数据显示 在美国，64%的私企提供的新岗位 是像我这样的小企业创造的。并且谁敢说，我们会一直维持这个规模?我们有个有趣的文化，当你到了一定的年龄，就得去打高尔夫、下棋、 照顾孙子，在这些方面倾注所有。

and i adore my grandchildren --and i"m also passionate about doing something meaningful in the global marketplace.

我很爱我的孙辈。可我也充满了热忱，希望为全球市场贡献自己的一份力量。

and i"m going to have lots of company. the census bureau says that by 2050, there will be 84 million seniors in this country. that"s an amazing number. that"s almost twice as many as we have today. can you imagine how many first-time entrepreneurs there will be among 84 million people? and they"ll all have four decades of e_perience.

我还会开很多公司。美国人口普查局表示，到2050年，美国会有8400万老年人。这个数字非常惊人，几乎是现在的两倍。可以想象，到时候在 这8400万人中会有多少首次创业者吗?他们都有40年的工作经验。

so when i say, "let"s start talking more about these wonderful entrepreneurs," i mean, let"s talk about their ventures, just as we do the ventures of their much younger counterparts. the older entrepreneurs in this country have a 70 percent success rate starting new ventures. 70 percent success rate. we"re like the golden state warriors of entrepreneurs --

所以，当我说"让我们更多的 谈论这些优秀的企业家，" 我的意思是，让我们谈论他们的冒险精神，就像我们谈论那些 年轻创业者的冒险精神一样。在美国，年长的创业者 有70%的成功机会去 建立新的事业。70%的成功机会。我们就像创业者中的金州勇士 (美国西部职业篮球队)一样。

and that number plummets to 28 percent for younger entrepreneurs. this is according to a uk-based group called cmi.

而在年轻人中，这个数字只有28%。这是一家英国组织cmi公布的数据。

aren"t the accomplishments of a 70-year-old entrepreneur every bit as meaningful, every bit as newsworthy,as the accomplishments of a 30-year-old entrepreneur? of course they are. that"s why i"d like to make the phrase "70 over 70" just as --just as commonplace as the phrase "30 under 30."

难道一个70岁创业者的成就 不同样有意义，同样有新闻价值吗?和一个30岁的创业者没什么不同。当然应该是这样。这也是我为何要用 这个词"70大杰出老人"——就像大家通用的"30大杰出青年"一样。

thank you.

谢谢大家。

《66岁创业成功，如何做到》观后感

看完视频后，我觉得我们现在过得太安逸，太幸福了，没有一丝丝的危机感，对自己的要求不高，成长的速度的太慢了，相比别人吃的苦，我们吃的哪里是苦呢?该认真地反省自己了。

来了公司3年多的时间，我一直问自己，自己给公司带来什么样的价值，自己价值是否得以实现，我们总是希望从公司获得更多，但是总是不懂得感恩，不懂得回馈，这样公司能够良性循环吗?从你选择这一家公司的时候，你就必须要清楚，不要总是想着逃避问题，想着怎么共进退，只有公司越来越好，自己才会更好;如果公司一直在倒退，谈何发展。

一个人的成功从来不是成功，何况什么是一个人成功，公司是你一个的吗?一个公司能够快速稳定地发展，还不是需要靠一个团队的共同努力。虽然你是其中的一员，当你觉得你自己可有可无的时候，凭什么你还有资格在这个公司待下去?

最近我总在思考一个问题，在你还是学习的过程中，你要思考你怎么才能够做一名优秀的员工，你连这一点都做不好，还指望你能够做多大的价值呢?

你的岗位是什么，你主要负责的是什么?你都做好了吗?你都做到位了吗?你都努力做到更好，你在全力以赴，用心地做好自己的工作了吗?你的工作是否有突破，还是内依旧一成不变，你总是找各种的借口给自己失败。

你总是希望你能够快速地成长，又能够赚到钱，又能够学习到自己想要学习的知识，凭什么你能够要求那么多，凭什么你能够理所当然地得到一切。你别人都努力吗?你创造的价值能够改变你自己，改变你的团队，改变你的企业吗?如果都不行，你能够成长吗?成长是一个缓慢的过程，当你意识到自己还有很大的进步空间的时候，你就应该朝着那个方向努力改变，不要质疑方向，你要知道的时候如何找到更好的方法去获得你想要的东西。

当出现问题的时候，你总是抱怨，你总是一味地逃避问题，你从来都不是那个尽心尽责去付出努力的那个人，你能够成功吗?你看见别人这样做了吗?

你知道为什么在一个岗位上一直没有任何的发展和突破吗?就是你想的太多，但是从来没有真正地落地，你总是希望收获，但是播种的季节里面你都在做什么?你都用心地播种，栽培自己了吗?

阶段性的总结，是慢慢地积累，不断地成长的过程，希望你能够培养自己良好的总结习惯，给自己一个理由，改变一成不变的自己，改变那个不思进取的自己，改变那个只想收获从不付出的自己，你希望得到别人认可的前提是，你觉得自己认可自己了吗?你真的觉得你现在做的一切就足够了吗?你就是如此满足?

孩子，该成长了，如果一味地盲目生活，盲目地工作，度日如年，你的日子还能够继续下去吗?

如何英语演讲稿 模板5

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ladies and gentlemen.

i"d like to welcome everyone.

i"m here to teach you how to say no.

i use to be a "yes person."

i thought it was impolite to say no.

i was a chronic "people-pleaser."

i finally came to my senses.

i found the courage to be honest!

let me tell you now what i learned.

first,you must face reality.

you can"t say yes to every request!

you must realize it"s impossible!

you can"t be everywhere at once!

you can"t do everything all the time.

you"ll fail or go crazy for sure.

you can"t do too much!

you can"t bite off more than you can chew!

sometimes you have to say no!

second,just tell the truth.

just be totally honest.

the truth will set you free!

always tell it like it is.

nobody is perfect.

nobody can please everyone every day.

show courage and character.

show wisdom and maturity.

don"t be afraid to say no.

third,just refuse politely.

just communicate clearly.

be sincere and sympathetic.

just look the person in the eye.

just slowly shake your head.

say,"i"d like to say yes but i can"t."

a true friend will understand.

a kind person can handle it ok.

only a selfish few will get upset.

fourth,don"t feel guilty.

don"t beat yourself up.

don"t let saying no upset you.

you"re dong the right thing.

you"re doing the smart thing.

you"re saving yourself lots of trouble.

sometimes you have to do it.

sometimes you have no choice.

refusing favors is part of life.

in conclusion,just do it!

just practice saying no.

memorize the following rejections.

i"m so sorry.

i have to say no.

i have no time today.

now,i have to go.

now,i must say no.

sorry,no more for today.(thank you.)

如何英语演讲稿 模板6

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welcome and hello。

it"s great to have you here。

let me tell you how to be popular。

we all want to be liked and admired。

we all want to be surrounded by friends。

here"s how to achieve that goal。

just be yourself。

act the way you want to be treated。

popularity will come your way。

first，improve your appearance。

start e_ercising daily。

start eating responsibly。

being healthy feels great。

being healthy gives you confidence。

being in shape attracts people to you。

be neat and well-dressed。

be clean and well-groomed。

your appearance says a lot about you。

then，smile like crazy。

a smile works like magic。

a smile opens doors and wins friends。

a smile says "i like you。"

"i"m so glad to see you。"

"you really make my day。"

a smile cheers people up。

a smile warms up a heart。

it"s like sunshine on a cloudy day。

ne_t，put others first。

put yourself in their shoes。

please their interests before your own。

become a great listener。

ask wonderful questions。

encourage people to talk。

be a people person。

enjoy ___ others feel important。

enjoy cheering them up when they"re down。

in addition，be sincere。

always compliment。

show your respect。

never gossip。

never judge other people。

focus on improving yourself。

don"t forget to be generous。

you must "live to give。"

you must also give to "really live。"

in conclusion，let go of your ego。

let kindness be your guide。

you"ll be popular in no time。

don"t be phony。

it will backfire on you。

it"s more important to be true。

thanks for your attention。

now，go have a great day。

go out and enjoy being popular!

如何英语演讲稿 模板7

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演说题目：如何在说话时表现出你的专业性?

演说者：adam galinsky

speaking up is hard to do. i understood the true meaning of this phrase e_actly one month ago, when my wife and i became new parents. it was an amazing moment. it was e_hilarating and elating, but it was also scary and terrifying. and it got particularly terrifying when we got home from the hospital,and we were unsure whether our little baby boy was getting enough nutrients from breastfeeding. and we wanted to call our pediatrician, but we also didn"t want to make a bad first impression or come across as a crazy, neurotic parent. so we worried. and we waited. when we got to the doctor"s office the ne_t day, she immediately gave him formula because he was pretty dehydrated. our son is fine now, and our doctor has reassured us we can always contact her. but in that moment, i should"ve spoken up, but i didn"t.

but sometimes we speak up when we shouldn"t, and i learned that over 10 years ago when i let my twin brother down. my twin brother is a documentary filmmaker, and for one of his first films, he got an offer from a distribution company. he was e_cited, and he was inclined to accept the offer. but as a negotiations researcher, i insisted he make a counteroffer, and i helped him craft the perfect one.and it was perfect -- it was perfectly insulting. the company was so offended, they literally withdrew the offer and my brother was left with nothing.

and i"ve asked people all over the world about this dilemma of speaking up: when they can assert themselves, when they can push their interests, when they can e_press an opinion, when they can make an ambitious ask.

and the range of stories are varied and diverse, but they also make up a universal tapestry. can i correct my boss when they make a mistake? can i confront my coworker who keeps stepping on my toes? can i challenge my friend"s insensitive joke? can i tell the person i love the most my deepest insecurities?

and through these e_periences, i"ve come to recognize that each of us have something called a range of acceptable behavior. now, sometimes we"re too strong; we push ourselves too much. that"s what happened with my brother. even making an offer was outside his range of acceptable behavior.but sometimes we"re too weak. that"s what happened with my wife and i. and this range of acceptable behaviors -- when we stay within our range, we"re rewarded. when we step outside that range, we get punished in a variety of ways. we get dismissed or demeaned or even ostracized. or we lose that raise or that promotion or that deal.

now, the first thing we need to know is: what is my range? but the key thing is, our range isn"t fi_ed;it"s actually pretty dynamic. it e_pands and it narrows based on the conte_t. and there"s one thing that determines that range more than anything else, and that"s your power. your power determines your range. what is power? power comes in lots of forms. in negotiations, it comes in the form of alternatives. so my brother had no alternatives; he lacked power. the company had lots of alternatives; they had power. sometimes it"s being new to a country, like an immigrant, or new to an organization or new to an e_perience, like my wife and i as new parents. sometimes it"s at work,where someone"s the boss and someone"s the subordinate. sometimes it"s in relationships, where one person"s more invested than the other person.

and the key thing is that when we have lots of power, our range is very wide. we have a lot of leeway in how to behave. but when we lack power, our range narrows. we have very little leeway. the problem is that when our range narrows, that produces something called the low-power double bind.the low-power double bind happens when, if we don"t speak up, we go unnoticed, but if we do speak up, we get punished.

now, many of you have heard the phrase the "double bind" and connected it with one thing, and that"s gender. the gender double bind is women who don"t speak up go unnoticed, and women who do speak up get punished. and the key thing is that women have the same need as men to speak up,but they have barriers to doing so. but what my research has shown over the last two decades is that what looks like a gender difference is not really a gender double bind, it"s a really a low-power double bind. and what looks like a gender difference are really often just power differences in disguise.oftentimes we see a difference between a man and a woman or men and women, and think, "biological cause. there"s something fundamentally different about the se_es." but in study after study, i"ve found that a better e_planation for many se_ differences is really power. and so it"s the low-power double bind. and the low-power double bind means that we have a narrow range, and we lack power. we have a narrow range, and our double bind is very large.

so we need to find ways to e_pand our range. and over the last couple decades, my colleagues and i have found two things really matter. the first: you seem powerful in your own eyes. the second: you seem powerful in the eyes of others. when i feel powerful, i feel confident, not fearful; i e_pand my own range. when other people see me as powerful, they grant me a wider range. so we need tools to e_pand our range of acceptable behavior. and i"m going to give you a set of tools today. speaking up is risky, but these tools will lower your risk of speaking up.

the first tool i"m going to give you got discovered in negotiations in an important finding. on average, women make less ambitious offers and get worse outcomes than men at the bargaining table. but hannah riley bowles and emily amanatullah have discovered there"s one situation where women get the same outcomes as men and are just as ambitious. that"s when they advocate for others.when they advocate for others, they discover their own range and e_pand it in their own mind. they become more assertive. this is sometimes called "the mama bear effect." like a mama bear defending her cubs, when we advocate for others, we can discover our own voice.

but sometimes, we have to advocate for ourselves. how do we do that? one of the most important tools we have to advocate for ourselves is something called perspective-taking. and perspective-taking is really simple: it"s simply looking at the world through the eyes of another person. it"s one of the most important tools we have to e_pand our range. when i take your perspective, and i think about what you really want, you"re more likely to give me what i really want.

but here"s the problem: perspective-taking is hard to do. so let"s do a little e_periment. i want you all to hold your hand just like this: your finger -- put it up. and i want you to draw a capital letter e on your forehead as quickly as possible. ok, it turns out that we can draw this e in one of two ways, and this was originally designed as a test of perspective-taking. i"m going to show you two pictures of someone with an e on their forehead -- my former student, erika hall. and you can see over here,that"s the correct e. i drew the e so it looks like an e to another person. that"s the perspective-taking e because it looks like an e from someone else"s vantage point. but this e over here is the self-focused e. we often get self-focused. and we particularly get self-focused in a crisis.

i want to tell you about a particular crisis. a man walks into a bank in watsonville, california. and he says, "give me $2,000, or i"m blowing the whole bank up with a bomb." now, the bank manager didn"t give him the money. she took a step back. she took his perspective, and she noticed something really important. he asked for a specific amount of money.

so she said, "why did you ask for $2,000?"

and he said, "my friend is going to be evicted unless i get him $2,000 immediately."

and she said, "oh! you don"t want to rob the bank -- you want to take out a loan."

"why don"t you come back to my office, and we can have you fill out the paperwork."

now, her quick perspective-taking defused a volatile situation. so when we take someone"s perspective, it allows us to be ambitious and assertive, but still be likable.

here"s another way to be assertive but still be likable, and that is to signal fle_ibility. now, imagine you"re a car salesperson, and you want to sell someone a car. you"re going to more likely make the sale if you give them two options. let"s say option a: $24,000 for this car and a five-year warranty. or option b: $23,000 and a three-year warranty. my research shows that when you give people a choice among options, it lowers their defenses, and they"re more likely to accept your offer.

and this doesn"t just work with salespeople; it works with parents. when my niece was four, she resisted getting dressed and rejected everything. but then my sister-in-law had a brilliant idea. what if i gave my daughter a choice? this shirt or that shirt? ok, that shirt. this pant or that pant? ok, that pant. and it worked brilliantly. she got dressed quickly and without resistance.

when i"ve asked the question around the world when people feel comfortable speaking up, the number one answer is: "when i have social support in my audience; when i have allies." so we want to get allies on our side. how do we do that? well, one of the ways is be a mama bear. when we advocate for others, we e_pand our range in our own eyes and the eyes of others, but we also earn strong allies.

another way we can earn strong allies, especially in high places, is by asking other people for advice.when we ask others for advice, they like us because we flatter them, and we"re e_pressing humility.and this really works to solve another double bind. and that"s the self-promotion double bind. the self-promotion double bind is that if we don"t advertise our accomplishments, no one notices. and if we do, we"re not likable.

but if we ask for advice about one of our accomplishments, we are able to be competent in their eyes but also be likeable. and this is so powerful it even works when you see it coming. there have been multiple times in life when i have been forewarned that a low-power person has been given the advice to come ask me for advice. i want you to notice three things about this: first, i knew they were going to come ask me for advice. two, i"ve actually done research on the strategic benefits of asking for advice. and three, it still worked! i took their perspective, i became more invested in their cause, i became more committed to them because they asked for advice.

now, another time we feel more confident speaking up is when we have e_pertise. e_pertise gives us credibility. when we have high power, we already have credibility. we only need good evidence.when we lack power, we don"t have the credibility. we need e_cellent evidence.

and one of the ways we can come across as an e_pert is by tapping into our passion. i want everyone in the ne_t few days to go up to friend of theirs and just say to them, "i want you to describe a passion of yours to me." i"ve had people do this all over the world and i asked them, "what did you notice about the other person when they described their passion?" and the answers are always the same."their eyes lit up and got big." "they smiled a big beaming smile." "they used their hands all over -- i had to duck because their hands were coming at me." "they talk quickly with a little higher pitch."

"they leaned in as if telling me a secret."

and then i said to them, "what happened to you as you listened to their passion?"

they said, "my eyes lit up. i smiled. i leaned in."

when we tap into our passion, we give ourselves the courage, in our own eyes, to speak up, but we also get the permission from others to speak up. tapping into our passion even works when we come across as too weak. both men and women get punished at work when they shed tears. but lizzie wolf has shown that when we frame our strong emotions as passion, the condemnation of our crying disappears for both men and women.

i want to end with a few words from my late father that he spoke at my twin brother"s wedding. here"s a picture of us. my dad was a psychologist like me, but his real love and his real passion was cinema,like my brother. and so he wrote a speech for my brother"s wedding about the roles we play in the human comedy.

and he said, "the lighter your touch, the better you become at improving and enriching your performance. those who embrace their roles and work to improve their performance grow, change and e_pand the self. play it well, and your days will be mostly joyful."

what my dad was saying is that we"ve all been assigned ranges and roles in this world. but he was also saying the essence of this talk: those roles and ranges are constantly e_panding and evolving.

so when a scene calls for it, be a ferocious mama bear and a humble advice seeker. have e_cellent evidence and strong allies. be a passionate perspective taker. and if you use those tools -- and each and every one of you can use these tools -- you will e_pand your range of acceptable behavior, and your days will be mostly joyful.

thank you.

放大声音得说话并不简单。 我直到整整一个月前，当我 与妻子初为父母的时候 才理解这个短语的真正用意。 那是一个神奇的时刻。 那是一个令人兴奋 与激动的时刻， 但是那也是可怕的， 令人恐惧的时刻。 当我们刚从医院回到家的时候， 尤其令人恐惧 我们并不确定 我们刚出生的宝宝是否 能从母乳中得到足够的养分。

我们想打电话给我们的儿科医生， 但是我们也不想给别人 留下不好的第一印象， 或者被当作是疯狂的， 神经质的父母。 所以我们很担心。 但我们选择了等待。

当我们第二天早上 去见医生的时候， 她立刻给宝宝开了配方， 因为他脱水很严重。 我们的儿子现在已经好了， 我们的医生也让我们放心， 可以随时联系她。

但是在那个时刻， 我应该大声说出来的，我却没做到。

但是有时我们也会在不该说话的时候 放声大说， 我是在20__年多以前，当我让我的 双胞胎兄弟失望的时候，学会的。 我的双胞胎兄弟 是一个纪录片摄影师， 在他的早期作品中， 有一部得到了分销公司的青睐。 他很激动， 也倾向于接受这份邀请。 但是作为一名谈判研究员， 我坚持要求他拒绝这份邀请， 并帮助他起草了一份完美的合同。 而那确实是完美的- 完美的侮辱行为。 那家公司感到被冒犯了， 他们就真的撤回了他们的邀请， 然后我兄弟就一无所有了。

我问过来自世界各地的人， 关于大声说的两难问题： 当他们可以断言的时候， 当他们可以推动自身利益的时候， 当他们可以表达观点的时候， 当他们提出一个有抱负的要求的时候。

我听过大量的，各不相同的故事， 但他们却共同编织了同一幅绣帷。 我能在老板们犯错时 纠正他们的错误吗? 我能与老是踩到 我脚趾的同事对质吗?

我能质疑朋友讲的 不合时宜的笑话吗? 我能告诉我最爱的人 我内心深处的不安全感吗?

通过这些经历，我开始认识到 我们每个人都是有一个 可接受行为范围的。 有些时候，我们太强势了： 我们给自己负压太大。 那就是发生在我兄弟身上的事件所表明的。 甚至提出一个建议，都是在他 可接受行为范围之外的了 但是有时，我们又太软弱了。 就是我和我妻子所表现出来的。 而这个可接受行为范围- 当我们呆在范围内的时候， 我们就会被奖励。 当我们跨出范围圈的时候， 我们就会受到不同形式的惩罚。 我们被开除或贬低，甚至被排斥。

我们失去加薪或晋升，或是一笔交易。

现在，我们需要明白的第一件事就是： 我的域是什么? 但关键问题是，我们的 可接受范围并不固定;它实际上是高度动态的。 它会随具体语境而放大或缩小。

有一样东西在可接受范围大小 这件事上起决定性作用， 那就是你的实力。 你的实力决定了你的可接受范围域。 实力是指什么? 实力是以各种形式呈现的。

在谈判中，实力以 其他解决方案的形式呈现。 而我的兄弟没有其他选择; 他的实力不够。 公司就有很多的备用选择; 他们的实力很强。 有时是新到一个国家， 例如移民， 或是新加入一个组织，或是对什么事情没有经验， 就像我和我妻子初为人父母。 有的时候是在工作上， 有人是老板， 而另一些人是下属。 有时是在情感上， 一个人比另一个人投入更多重点是，当我们有强大的实力时， 我们的可接受范围 就会变得非常广。 我们的行动就有了很大的余地。 但是当我们实力不足时， 我们的域就会缩小。

我们行动就变得局限。 问题是当我们的 可接受范围缩小的时候， 就会进入一种"弱势两难"的处境。 当我们陷入"弱势两难"的处境时， 我们不为自己说话，就会被忽视， 当我们说出来的时候，又会被惩罚。

你们中的很多人都听过 "双重约束"这个短语， 并把它和另一样事物挂钩， 就是性别。 性别两难就是指当女性不发声， 就会被忽视， 但女性为自己说话， 又会被惩罚的情况。 关键是，女性有着 与男性同样的为自己说话的需求 但她们这样做会遇到更多的障碍。 但是我在过去二十年里的研究中发现， 这个看似是性别差异，其实并不是真正的性别两难困境， 其实是弱势两难的问题。 那些表面上看似是性别差异 其实质只是实力差异伪装成的样子。 很多时候，当我们看到一位男性和一位女性之间的差距时， 或者男性与女性之间， 我们就会想，"生理因素。 两性在本质上就是不同的。" 但是在一个又一个的研究当中， 我找到了一个能更好解释 很多案例中性别差距的原因 那就是实力。 所以把它称作弱势两难困境。 处于弱势两难就意味着 我们的可接受范围很窄 我们实力不足。

我们的可接受范围越窄， 我们的弱势两难就越明显。

所以我们必须找到方法， 扩大我们的可接受范围。 在过去的几十年中， 我和我的同事找到了 两个重要的影响因素 第一点：你在自己眼中是实力者。

第二点：你在他人眼中是实力者。 当感到自己实力强大， 就会很自信，不会害怕; 就能扩大自己的域。 当他人把自己看作实力强大的人时， 他们就给予了我更广的可接受范围。 所以我们需要工具去扩大 我们的可接受行为范围。 我今天就要给你们一套工具。 大声说是有风险的一件事， 但是这些工具会降低大声说的风险。

我要给你们的第一个工具 是在协商领域被发现的， 是很重要的一个发现。 平均来看，女性在谈判桌上， 相比男性， 更少的提出有野心的条件， 并取得更差的结果。

但是汉娜·赖利·鲍里斯 和艾米丽·阿曼图拉发现 在有一种情况下，女性 和男性是同等的野心勃勃 也能得到同等的结果。 那就是当她们在为他人说话的时候。

当她们在为他人说话时， 她们就会发觉自己的 可接受范围并在脑海中扩大它。 她们变得更加自信。 这就是我们经常说的"熊妈妈效应"。 就像熊妈妈在维护自己的熊宝宝， 当我们为他人声张的时候， 我们就能发掘自己的声音。

但是有些时候， 我们必须为自己放声说。 我们应该怎么做呢? 为自己讲话需要的 最重要的工具就是 一种叫做"换位思考"的东西。 "换位思考"其实很简单： 就仅仅是通过另一个人的 眼睛看世界而已。 这是我们扩大自身可接受范围 的最重要的工具。 当我站在你的立场， 去想你真正想要什么的时候， 你就更有可能给我，我真正想要的。

但是这有一个问题： "换位思考"是一件很难的事情。 让我们做一点儿实验。 我希望你们所有人都像这样， 把手举起来， 把手指竖起来， 我希望你们在自己的额头上写一个大写的e 越快越好。 好吧，结果表明我们 有两种不同的书写方法， 这就是原本用来测试 换位思考的实验。 我要给你们展示两张人们在额头上写着e的图片- 这是我以前的学生，艾丽卡·赫尓。 你们在这里看到的， 是正确的e。 我这样画e，所以其他人 就能把它认成e。 这就是"换位思考"的e，因为它是别人眼中的e。 但是这边的e则是"自我中心"的e。 我们时常会以自我为中心。 特别是在危机情况下更容易。

我希望和你们谈谈 一次特别的危机。 一个男人走进一家位于加利福尼亚州， 沃森维尔市的银行。 他说，"给我20__美金， 要不我就炸了整个银行。"

而银行经理没有给他钱。 她退了一步。 她尝试站在他的角度， 她注意到了一件很重要的事情。 他要求的是具体数额的钱。

所以她说， "为什么你需要20__美金?"

男人说，"如果不能立即拿到20__美金， 我的朋友就要被驱逐出境了。"

然后经理说， "哦，那你不是要抢银行- 你是需要贷款。"

"为什么不跟我回到办公室， 我们就可以让你填好需要的文件。"

她的快速换位思考的 能力解除了一个危机形势。 当我们能够从他人的角度看问题时， 我们就会变得有抱负， 自信，但同时招人喜欢。

还有另一种能让我们既自信， 又能招人喜欢的办法， 那就是展现灵活性。 现在，想象自己是一名汽车销售员， 你要卖给别人一辆车。 如果你能给他们两种选择， 你更容易卖出车。 比如选项a： 两万四美金购车，五年免修。 或是选项b： 两万三美金购车，三年免修。 我的研究显示了，当你 给人们一些选择的余地时， 他们会降低自我防范意识， 他们更容易接受你的邀请。

这不仅仅只在销售人员这里有用; 它在父母这里也有用。 当我的侄女四岁的时候， 她拒绝穿衣服，拒绝一切。 但是后来嫂子想出了 一个绝妙的主意。

如果我给我的女儿一种选择呢? 这件衣服或是那件?好吧，那件。 这条裤子还是那条?好吧，那条。 问题被出色的解决了。 她很快穿好了衣服， 没有任何抵抗。

当我在世界各地问这个问题， 什么时候人们能够 舒服地大声说出想法， 排名第一的回答是： "当我能在观众中得到支持; 当我有队友的时候。"

所以我们希望有盟友支持自己。 我们要如何做到这一点? 好吧，一种方式是做一只熊妈妈。 当我们为他人发声的时候， 我们就扩大了我们自己的范围， 也扩大了别人眼中的我们， 我们同时也得到了强有力的盟友。

另一种得到盟友的方式， 特别是身居高位的时候， 就是寻求他人的建议。 当我们向他人寻求建议时，他们 就会因为我们重视他们而喜欢我们 因为我们表现出了谦恭。

这能够帮助我们解决 另外一个两难的局面。 那就是自我推销两难的情况。 自我推销两难 就是如果我们不宣传我们的成就， 就没人会注意。如果我们宣传，我们就不讨喜。

但是如果我们就 自己的成就征求意见， 在他人眼中，我们就会 变得能干且讨人喜欢。 这真的很有用，甚至当你已经看穿这个策略时仍然有用我人生中有很多次，我已经预先被人提醒过 有些实力不足的人 被建议来找我咨询 我希望你们在此注意三点： 第一，我知道他们要来找我询问建议。

第二，我也研究过的征求意见的战略性好处。 第三，这仍然管用! 我站在他们的角度， 我在他们的诉求上花费更多的时间， 我更加关注他们，因为他们向我寻求了帮助。

另一种情况下， 我们也会有自信大声说， 那就是当我们掌握了专业知识。 专业知识带给我们可信度。当我们实力强大的时候， 我们就已经拥有了可信度。

我们只需要好的证据。 而我们实力不足的时候， 我们就没有可信度。 我们就需要极佳的证据。

一种帮助我们被认作为专家的方式 就是发掘我们的热情。 我希望每个人都能在未来的 几天当中，去见各自的朋友 和他们说， "我希望你能够和我分享一件你抱有热情的事。" 我在世界各地让人们做这件事， 然后我询问他们， "当朋友们向你们描述他们的热情时 你注意到了什么?"

答案永远是相同的。"他们的眼睛变大了，变亮了。" "他们笑的很灿烂。" "他们用手不断的比划着- 我必须要躲闪，因为 他们的手都伸向了我。"

"他们更快速的，用更高频的声调说话。"

"他们倾向我，好像要跟 我讲什么秘密一样。"

然后，我就和他们说， "你们听他们讲述的时候， 你是什么样的反应呢?"

他们说，"我的眼睛变亮了。 我笑了。 我也倾向了他们。"

当我们发掘自己的热情时， 我们通过自己的眼睛， 给予了自己大声说的勇气， 但是我们也得到了他人的准许。 发掘我们的热情，即使在 我们软弱的时候也会起作用。

无论是男性还是女性， 工作时流泪都会受到惩罚。 但是莉齐·沃尔夫发现 当我们将强烈的感情处理为激情的时候， 无论男性还是女性， 就都不会因落泪而受到谴责。

我希望引用我已故的 父亲的话来结束演讲 这是他在我的 双胞胎兄弟的婚礼上说的。 这是我们的合影。我的父亲和我一样，都是心理学家， 但是他真正热爱的，真正的热情在于电影， 就像我的兄弟一样。所以，他就在我兄弟的 婚礼上发表了一个演讲 是关于我们在人类喜剧中 所扮演的角色的。

然后他说，"你的触感越细腻， 你越能更好地提高 和丰富你的表演能力 那些带入角色当中， 努力提高演技的人， 成长，改变，扩张自我。 好好演，你们的生活就会很快乐的。"

我父亲的意思是， 我们在这个世界上都有 各自的可理解范围和角色。 但他也讲出了这次演讲的精髓：这些角色和范围是在 不断扩大和进化的。

当情景需要的时候， 变成一只凶猛的熊妈妈， 或是一个谦恭的咨询者。 拥有极佳的证据和强大的盟友。 成为一个热情的换位思考者。 如果你能够运用这些工具-这些是在座的每一位 都能够使用的工具- 你们就能扩大你们的 可接受行为范围， 你们的生活就会很快乐的。

谢谢。

如何英语演讲稿 模板8

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good day ladies and gentlemen.

let me atrat with a popular saying.

"you never get a second chance to make a first impression."

my speech is titled,"how to sell yourself."

it means how to market your best features.

it means how to present yourself in the best light.

hrer are some tips.

please listen and learn.

learn how to sell yourself.

most importantly,look like a winner.

look like you"re going to the top.

project a professional appearance.

dress in quality clothes.

dress with a conservative style.

be well-dressed from your head to your toes.

don"t overdress.

dress well to impress and show respect.

dress your best and you"ll feel confident and comfortable.

ne_t,you must communicate clearly.

respond thoughtfully to each question.

respond slowly with total honesty.

be sincere and direct.

be sure you make eye contact.

try to rela_ and breathe naturally.

mind your body language.

stand up straint with good posture.

look attentive but also at ease.

also,you need a solid background.

you should have a stable track record.

have e_emplary credentials to back you up.

present a professional resume.

present all school transcripts.

be prepared to e_plain everything in detail.

offer letters of recommendation.

offer letters of reference.

list awards of honors you"ve recieved.

in addition,have a positive attitude.

be confident of your ability.

be optimistic about your future potential.

be polite and courteous.

be punctual and considerate.

e_ude enthusiasm and energy all the time.

don"t fake anything.

don"t be phony or smug.

be humble and as modest as you can.

finally,be assertive.

be self-assured.

be dynamic and aggressive.

keep trying to improve.

keep trying to get better.

always give one hundred percent.

you"ll win respect.

you"ll win trust and acceptance.

with this advice,you will go far.

如何英语演讲稿 模板9

阅读小贴士：模板9共计648个字，预计阅读时长2分钟。朗读需要4分钟，中速朗读5分钟，在庄重严肃场合朗读需要6分钟，有111位用户喜欢。

it"s time to begin.

i appreciate your attention.

i hope you"ll enjoy my speech.

i have important advice.

i have employment tips to share.

let me tell you how to find a good job.

dacide what makes you happy.

decide what you love to do.

then,find a way to e_cel in that career.

the first step is to lay the groundwork.

get a decent education.

get a solid foundation of knowledge.

be able to write and speak well.

be an e_cellent communicator.

be computer literate and technically up-to-date.

know what skills you possess.

know your strengths and weaknesses.

know who you are and where you want to go.

the ne_t step requires research.

research all the companies you like.

research every opportunity that e_ists.

bone up on each company.

become an e_pert on its business.

be able to sell yourself as an asset to them.

don"t forget to network.

you need friendships and connections.

you must build up a contact system.

now,perfect your resume.

get it updated and looking sharp.

ask professionals or teachers for advice on it.

also,rehearse for interviews.

practice and role play.

practice as much and with as many people as you can.

brush up on your interpersonal skills.

read the newspaper every day.

read up on all the latest books in your field.

the last step is to take action!

personally visit each company.

personally hand out your resume to every personnel director you can.

try to rela_ and enjoy interviews.

it"s an incredible learning e_perience.

it"s a great chance to impress and make friends.

always politely ask for feedback.

always follow up with a thank-you card.

it"s the little things that help you stand out.

in conclusion, do what you love.

love what you do.

happiness and money will follow you.

don"t sell out for money.

don"t give up a dream job for one with a higher salary.

never sacrifice or compromise your passion.

be true to yourself.

be honest in all that you say and do.

you"ll find a job that"s perfect for you.

如何英语演讲稿 模板10

阅读小贴士：模板10共计559个字，预计阅读时长2分钟。朗读需要3分钟，中速朗读4分钟，在庄重严肃场合朗读需要6分钟，有262位用户喜欢。

good day,everybody.

i"m e_cited to be here.

i have advice about frienship.

friendship is precious.

friendship makes life wonderful.

life is too short to lose a friend.

sometimes friends disagree.

sometimes argument happen.

here"s how to avoid a breakup.

first,apologize when you"re wrong.

apologize when you"re right.

it doesn"t matter who is to blame.

we all make mistakes.

we all have regrets.

say you"re sorry;forgive and forget.

be sincere in your apology.

really mean what you say.

chances are your friend will apologize,too.

second,always remain calm.

never lose your temper.

never say or do anything rash.

take a little break.

take time to cool off.

don"t say anything in the heat of the moment.

come back when you"re feeling calmer.

then talk about the problem.

if you"re calm,your friend will listen.

third,don"e avoid your friend.

don"t isolate yourself.

never disappear or run away.

try to make contact.

try to communicate.

try to patch things up.

all problems can be solved.

but it takes a little work.

be willing to work at it.

fourth,be ready to compromise.

be open to suggestions.

see things from your friend"s point of view.

don"t insist on your opinion.

after all,you could be wrong.

maybe your friend knows a better way.

be tolerant and understanding.

that"s the basis of friendship.

that"s the secret to friendship and love.

in conclusion,always clear up disagreements.

always cherish your friends.

friends are what make life worth living.

those are my words of wisdom.

tat"s my advice to you.

i hope you never need to use it!

i appreciate your attention.

thank you all so much.

thank god for the beauty of friends.

如何英语演讲稿 模板11

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演说题目：如何在你重视的事情上做的更好!

演说者：eduardo brice?o

most of us go through life trying to do our best at whatever we do,whether it’s our job, family, schoolor anything else.i feel that way. i try my best.but some time ago, i came to a realizationthat i wasn’t getting much better at the things i cared most about,whether it was being a husband or a friendor a professional or teammate,and i wasn’t improving much at those thingseven though i was spending a lot of timeworking hard at them.i’ve since realized from conversations i’ve had and from researchthat this stagnation, despite hard work,turns out to be pretty common.

大多数人在生活中都会尝试把每件事做到最好，无论是在职场上、家庭、学校或其它领域。我也有同感，也会努力尝试。但前一段时间，我开始意识到，我总是无法在自己最在意的事情上做得更好。比如做一个好丈夫或好朋友，一名专业人士或好队友，我一直无法在这些事情上有很大的提升，哪怕我花了很多时间努力完成。我之后在与他人的谈话和研究中意识到，无论你多努力，这种瓶颈总是一直出现。

so i’d like to share with you some insights into why that isand what we can all do about it.what i’ve learnedis that the most effective peopleand teams in any domaindo something we can all emulate.they go through life deliberately alternating between two zones:the learning zone and the performance zone.

所以我想跟各位分享一些见解，并提出一些解决的办法。我所了解的是，无论哪个领域，各行业的佼佼者都有可以让我们仿效的地方。我发现，他们在日常生活中会有意识地在这两种状态中切换，学习状态和执行状态，

the learning zone is when our goal is to improve.then we do activities designed for improvement,concentrating on what we haven’t mastered yet,which means we have to e_pect to make mistakes,knowing that we will learn from them.that is very different from what we do when we’re in our performance zone,which is when our goal is to do something as best as we can, to e_ecute.then we concentrate on what we have already masteredand we try to minimize mistakes.

在学习状态，我们的技能可以进步。我们会透过设计过的活动来提升技能。专注于尚未掌握的事情，这意味着我们一定会有失误，但我们也一定能从中学到东西。这跟我们执行状态时所做的事情很不一样，执行状态的目的是把我们最好的一面表现出来。我们会专注在已经掌握好的技能，并把失误减到最小。

both of these zones should be part of our lives,but being clear about when we want to be in each of them,with what goal, focus and e_pectations,helps us better perform and better improve.the performance zone ma_imizes our immediate performance,while the learning zone ma_imizes our growthand our future performance.the reason many of us don’t improve muchdespite our hard workis that we tend to spend almost all of our time in the performance zone.this hinders our growth,and ironically, over the long term,also our performance.

这两种状态都是我们生活的一部分，但当你想要自在的处在这两种状态，你得清楚知道你的目标、关注点、预期效果是什么，这样才能帮助你在执行和改进方面都做得更好。执行状态注重当下的表现，学习状态会加速人的成长，并且提升未来的表现。很多人，无论如何努力都没办法有所提高。原因在于：我们总是花费太多时间在执行状态。这样会阻碍成长。讽刺的是，长时间下来，也会引响我们的表现。

so what does the learning zone look like?take demosthenes, a political leaderand the greatest orator and lawyer in ancient greece.to become great,he didn’t spend all his timejust being an orator or a lawyer,which would be his performance zone.but instead, he did activities designed for improvement.of course, he studied a lot.he studied law and philosophy with guidance from mentors,but he also realized that being a lawyer involved persuading other people,so he also studied great speechesand acting.to get rid of an odd habit he had of involuntarily lifting his shoulder,he practiced his speeches in front of a mirror,and he suspended a sword from the ceilingso that if he raised his shoulder,it would hurt.

那麽，学习状态是怎样的情况?来看看狄摩西尼，这位政治领袖，古希腊最伟大的演说家和律师。他会伟大的原因，不是因为他把时间都花在演说和执行律师业务上面，也就是说他不会一直处在执行状态。相反的，他做了很多改善的活动。毋庸置疑，他花很多时间在学习。比如他在精神导师的指导下学习法律及哲学，但他也同时意识到，作为律师他需要说服别人，所以他也研究名人的演讲及学习演戏。为了改变不由自主耸肩的坏习惯，他会在镜子前练习演说，并且在天花板上吊一把剑。一旦耸肩，他就会被刺到。

(laughter)

(观众笑)

to speak more clearly despite a lisp,he went through his speeches with stones in his mouth.he built an underground roomwhere he could practice without interruptionsand not disturb other people.and since courts at the time were very noisy,he also practiced by the ocean,projecting his voice above the roar of the waves.

为了克服口齿不清，他会含着石头练习演讲。他还建了一个地下室，以避免练习时被打扰或打扰到别人。因为上法院时会很吵，所以他就对着大海练习，让自己的声音比咆哮的海浪还大声。

his activities in the learning zonewere very different from his activities in court,his performance zone.in the learning zone,he did what dr. anders ericsson calls deliberate practice.this involves breaking down abilities into component skills,being clear about what subskill we’re working to improve,like keeping our shoulders down,giving full concentration to a high level of challengeoutside our comfort zone,just beyond what we can currently do,using frequent feedback with repetition and adjustments,and ideally engaging the guidance of a skilled coach,because activities designed for improvementare domain-specific,and great teachers and coaches know what those activities areand can also give us e_pert feedback.it is this type of practice in the learning zonewhich leads to substantial improvement,not just time on task performing.for e_ample, research shows that after the first couple of yearsworking in a profession,performance usually plateaus.this has been shown to be true in teaching, general medicine,nursing and other fields,and it happens because once we think we have become good enough,adequate,then we stop spending time in the learning zone.we focus all our time on just doing our job,performing,which turns out not to be a great way to improve.but the people who continue to spend time in the learning zonedo continue to always improve.the best salespeople at least once a weekdo activities with the goal of improvement.they read to e_tend their knowledge,consult with colleagues or domain e_perts,try out new strategies,solicit feedback and reflect.the best chess playersspend a lot of time not playing games of chess,which would be their performance zone,but trying to predict the moves grand masters made and analyzing them.each of us has probably spent many, many, many hourstyping on a computerwithout getting faster,but if we spent 10 to 20 minutes each dayfully concentrating on typing 10 to 20 percent fasterthan our current reliable speed,we would get faster,especially if we also identified what mistakes we’re makingand practiced typing those words.that’s deliberate practice.

他在学习状态所做的活动与他在法院上执行的活动，两者是很不一样的。他在学习状态时，会做安德森·爱立信博士所说的「循序渐进的练习」。就是把要学习的技能拆分成一小段一小段的技能，并且清楚地知道哪一项技巧目前需要提高。像是放松肩膀，全新专注在舒适圈以外更高层次的挑战，专注超越那些早已掌握的事物。利用快速反馈做重复练习和调整，全力配合熟手教练的指导。因为，为改善而设计的活动是有特定范围的，好的老师或教练知道什么活动能带来进步，并会给予专业的反馈。就是在这种学习状态下的练习，才能大量的进步，而不是只是花时间在执行业务上。举个例子，研究表明，在某一领域工作数年后，表现会达到停滞期。这在教学、一般内科、护理及其他领域都得到了印证。这是因为一旦人们觉得自己足够好了，绰绰有余了，就不会再花时间学习。我们只会关注在如何完成工作和执行业务上，这种方式变得不利于提高技能。但是那些一直在学习的人们，就会持续地成长。最好的销售人员，至少每周一次，进行改善训练。他们阅读以增长知识，咨询同行和专家、尝试新的策略、征询意见及反思。最好的棋手，大部分的时间，并不是在跟别人下棋，也就是他们不会一直处在执行的状态，而是试图预测并分析大师们的棋路。每个人可能都花了很多时间在电脑前打字，但却没有越打越快。但是，如果我们每天抽出 10-20 分钟，全神贯注地提升打字速度，比平常快上 10%-20% 就好，我们的速度就会越来越快。特别是当我们能找到失误，并且专注加以练习。这就是一种循序渐进(刻意)的练习。

in what other parts of our lives,perhaps that we care more about,are we working hard but not improving muchbecause we’re always in the performance zone?now, this is not to say that the performance zone has no value.it very much does.when i needed a knee surgery,i didn’t tell the surgeon,poke around in there and focus on what you don’t know.

在生活的其他方面，还有哪些是我们比较在意，我们很努力但进步缓慢的地方?是不是因为我们老是停留在执行状态里?但以上都不是在说执行状态没有用，它是很有价值的。但我需要做膝盖手术的时候，我可不想告诉医师：「随便戳戳吧，探索一下你不知道的事。」

(laughter)

(观众笑)

we’ll learn from your mistakes!i looked for a surgeon who i felt would do a good job,and i wanted her to do a good job.being in the performance zoneallows us to get things done as best as we can.it can also be motivating,and it provides us with information to identify what to focus on ne_twhen we go back to the learning zone.so the way to high performanceis to alternate between the learning zone and the performance zone,purposefully building our skills in the learning zone,then applying those skills in the performance zone.

「我们可以从失误中学到东西啊!」我会找一位我认为够好的医师，我想让她好好地帮我医治。在执行状态时，我们会力求表现到最好，这样可以激励我们，并告诉我们，在回到学习状态的时候，该关注些什么。所以说，想要表现得好需要在学习状态和执行状态之间转换。在学习状态下有目的性地积累技巧，然后再将之应用在执行状态里。

when beyoncé is on tour,during the concert,she’s in her performance zone,but every night when she gets back to the hotel room,she goes right back into her learning zone.she watches a video of the show that just ended.she identifies opportunities for improvement,for herself, her dancers and her camera staff.and the ne_t morning,everyone receives pages of notes with what to adjust,which they then work on during the day before the ne_t performance.it’s a spiralto ever-increasing capabilities,but we need to know when we seek to learn,and when we seek to perform,and while we want to spend time doing both,the more time we spend in the learning zone,the more we’ll improve.

就像碧昂斯的巡演，演唱会上，她处在执行表演的状态，但每晚回到酒店，她就直接投入到学习状态里。她会观看刚刚结束的表演，为自己、舞群和摄像师，寻找改进的机会。第二天早上，所有人都会收到一份通知，上面写着那些地方需要改进，如此团队成员就可以在下一次表演之前做出调整。如此团队的能力就可以一直向上提升。但我们需要清楚的是，何时「学」、何时「做」，何时两样一起。投入越多时间在学习状态，就能取得越多的进步。

so how can we spend more time in the learning zone?first, we must believe and understandthat we can improve,what we call a growth mindset.second, we must want to improve at that particular skill.there has to be a purpose we care about,because it takes time and effort.third, we must have an idea about how to improve,what we can do to improve,not how i used to practice the guitar as a teenager,performing songs over and over again,but doing deliberate practice.and fourth, we must be in a low-stakes situation,because if mistakes are to be e_pected,then the consequence of making them must not be catastrophic,or even very significant.a tightrope walker doesn’t practice new tricks without a net underneath,and an athlete wouldn’t set out to first try a new moveduring a championship match.

那麽我们要怎样才能多花点时间在学习状态呢?首先，要相信并理解一件事，那就是我们可以改进，也就是所谓的「成长心态」。其次，要在具体的技巧上做改进。并且要有一个我们在乎的目标，因为它需要时间和努力。第三，我们必须要知道该如何提升，要做些什么来提升，而不是像我年轻时弹吉它那样，同首曲子一遍又一遍的重复，而是要做「循序渐进的练习」。第四，我们必须保持在低风险状态，因为如果如预期的发生了失误，那麽造成的后果就不会影响太大，或是关系重大。走钢丝的演员，不会在没有护网的情况下练习新的技巧;运动员并不会在冠军比赛中，尝试新的动作。

one reason that in our liveswe spend so much time in the performance zoneis that our environments often are, unnecessarily, high stakes.we create social risks for one another,even in schools which are supposed to be all about learning,and i’m not talking about standardized tests.i mean that every minute of every day,many students in elementary schools through collegesfeel that if they make a mistake,others will think less of them.no wonder they’re always stressed outand not taking the risks necessary for learning.but they learn that mistakes are undesirableinadvertentlywhen teachers or parents are eager to hear just correct answersand reject mistakes rather than welcome and e_amine themto learn from them,or when we look for narrow responsesrather than encourage more e_ploratory thinkingthat we can all learn from.when all homework or student work has a number or a letter on it,and counts towards a final grade,rather than being used for practice,mistakes, feedback and revision,we send the message that school is a performance zone.

我们在生活中，花很多时间在执行状态里，这个中原因是：我们常常处在不必要的高风险环境中。我们彼此制造了社会风险。哪怕是在学校，一个被认定为纯粹学习的地方，我不是在说标准测验，我说的是学生每时每刻、从小学到大学，都会觉得别人会因为他们犯错而轻视他们。难怪他们总是紧张兮兮，不愿为学习冒必要的风险。老师、家长对正确答案趋之若鹜的态度，无意中，让学生害怕犯错。而不是勇于试错、检视过错、并从中吸取教训。又或者，我们只想听「标准答案」，而不是鼓励学生进行可以学到更多的开拓性思考。一旦学生的作业、作品都被评定等级、标上分数，最后记录到期末成绩后，它们就起不到练习、试错、反馈和修正的作用了，我们让孩子误以为：学校只是个让你表现的地方。

the same is true in our workplaces.in the companies i consult with,i often see flawless e_ecution cultureswhich leaders foster to encourage great work.but that leads employees to stay within what they knowand not try new things,so companies struggle to innovate and improve,and they fall behind.

职场中也同样如此。那些咨询我的公司，我常见到领导者鼓励推动「完美执行 」的文化。但这样就会导致员工仅仅停留在他们已知的范畴，而不去尝试新的事物，公司因此很难创新、进步，从而落居下风。

we can create more spaces for growthby starting conversations with one anotherabout when we want to be in each zone.what do we want to get better at and how?and when do we want to e_ecute and minimize mistakes?that way, we gain clarity about what success is,when, and how to best support one another.

我们可以透过交流，为彼此开创进步的空间，聊聊我们何时应该投身于何种状态。在哪些方面可以做得更好?何时决策、怎样控损?如此，我们可以明确什么是成功、何时以及如何去支持对方。

but what if we find ourselves in a chronic high-stakes settingand we feel we can’t start those conversations yet?then here are three things that we can still do as individuals.first, we can create low-stakes islands in an otherwise high-stakes sea.these are spaces where mistakes have little consequence.for e_ample, we might find a mentor or a trusted colleaguewith whom we can e_change ideas or have vulnerable conversationsor even role-play.or we can ask for feedback-oriented meetings as projects progress.or we can set aside time to read or watch videos or take online courses.those are just some e_amples.second, we can e_ecute and perform as we’re e_pected,but then reflect on what we could do better ne_t time,like beyoncé does,and we can observe and emulate e_perts.the observation, reflection and adjustment is a learning zone.and finally, we can leadand lower the stakes for others by sharing what we want to get better at,by asking questions about what we don’t know,by soliciting feedback and by sharing our mistakesand what we’ve learned from them,so that others can feel safe to do the same.

但如果我们处在长期高风险状态下，并且无法展开这样的交流怎么办?依然有三件事是可以自己着手去做的。首先，是在高风险的海洋中，开辟一块低风险的岛屿。让错误发生时不会造成严重的后果。比如说，我们可以找一位导师或可以信任的同事，和他们分享想法，或是接受批评。甚至角色扮演。或者是随着项目的进展，举办反馈会议。又或者我们可以抽出时间去阅读或看视频或是参加线上课程。这只是几个例子。第二，我们可以实践并达成期望的表现，但事后反思如何改进，就像碧昂斯那样。我们还可以观察和模仿专家，这些观察、反思、调整都能让我们学习到很多。最后，我们可以引导并降低彼此的风险，问他们，我们在哪方面可以再取得进步，透过询问未知的问题、征求意见、 分享失误，并从中汲取教训，如此其他人也就能安心地做同样的事。

real confidence is about modeling ongoing learning.what if, instead of spending our lives doing, doing, doing,performing, performing, performing,we spent more time e_ploring,asking,listening,e_perimenting, reflecting,striving and becoming?what if we each always had somethingwe were working to improve?what if we created more low-stakes islandsand waters?and what if we got clear,within ourselves and with our teammates,about when we seek to learn and when we seek to perform,so that our efforts can become more consequential,our improvement never-endingand our best even better?

真正的自信是对不断学习的展示。如果，我们没有把人生耗费在做、做、做、表现、表现、表现上，而是更多地去探索、询问、倾听、实践、反思、拼命去成为想成为的人，会怎么样?如果我们每个人，都有某些事情让我们可为之努力，从而提升呢?如果我们创造更多的低风险区域和环境呢?如果我们自己或整个团队都清楚知道，何时学习、何时表现，如此我们的努力就会有更多回报，就可以精益求精，团队就会越来越好。

thank you.

谢谢。

如何英语演讲稿 模板12

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演说题目：the world"s english mania

演说者：jay walker

let"s talk about manias. let"s start with beatlemania.(recording of crowd roaring)hysterical teenagers, crying, screaming, pandemonium.(recording of crowd roaring)sports mania: deafening crowds, all for one idea — get the ball in the net. (recording) goal! okay, religious mania: there"s rapture, there"s weeping, there"s visions. manias can be good. manias can be alarming. or manias can be deadly.(recording of crowd cheering)

让我们来谈谈狂热。先从甲壳虫热说起。歇斯底里的少年们，高呼、尖叫、喧嚣的场面。体育热，震耳欲聋的人群。都是为了一个目标，要球进网。还有，宗教热。有欢笑，也有泪水。还有梦想。狂热可以是件好事，狂热也可以使人担心，有时狂热也可以是致命的。

the world has a new mania. a mania for learning english. listen as chinese students practice their english, by screaming it:

现在世界上有一种新的狂热。学习英语的狂热。听，中国学生在练习讲英语用高声叫喊的方式练习英语。

teacher: ... change my life!

students: i want to change my life!

t: i don"t want to let my parents down!

s: i don"t want to let my parents down!

t: i don"t ever want to let my country down!

s: i don"t ever want to let my country down!

t: most importantly... s: most importantly...

t: i don"t want to let myself down!

s: i don"t want to let myself down!

老师：... 改变我的生活!

学生：我要改变我的命运。

老师：我不想让父母失望。

学生：我不想让父母失望。

老师：我从不想让国家失望。

学生：我从不想让国家失望。

老师：最重要的...学生：最重要的...

老师：我不想让我自己失望。

学生：我不想让我自己失望。

how many people are trying to learn english worldwide? two billion of them.

students: a t-shirt. a dress.

jay walker: 全世界现在有多少人学习英语?20亿

学生：一件衬衫。一条裙子。

jay walker: in latin america, in india, in southeast asia, and most of all, in china. if you"re a chinese student, you start learning english in the third grade, by law. that"s why this year, china will become the world"s largest english-speaking country.

jw：在拉丁美洲、在印度、在东南亚、和几乎整个中国。如果你是个中国学生根据法律，在小学三年级你得开始学习英语。这就是为什么今年中国会成为全世界最大的讲英语的国家。

why english? in a single word: opportunity. opportunity for a better life, a job, to be able to pay for school, or put better food on the table. imagine a student taking a giant test for three full days. her score on this one test literally determines her future. she studies 12 hours a day for three years to prepare.twenty-five percent of her grade is based on english. it"s called the gaokao, and 80 million high school chinese students have already taken this grueling test. the intensity to learn english is almost unimaginable, unless you witness it.

为什么是英语?用一个词来回答：机会。一个获得更好生活、工作的机会。可以上得起学，可以吃更好的食物。想象一个学生用整整三天时间参加一次大考。她的这个考试的成绩真正地决定了她的前途。她每天学习12个小时，三年间都是如此，就是为了准备这个考试，其中25%的成绩是由英语决定的，这个考试叫做高考。有8000万的中国高中生都已经参加过这个"独木桥"考试，学习英语的强度几乎不可想象。除非你亲自见证过。

teacher: perfect! students: perfect!

t: perfect! s: perfect!

t: i want to speak perfect english!

s: i want to speak perfect english!

t: i want to speak ... s: i want to speak ...

t: ... perfect english! s: ... perfect english!

t (yelling more loudly): i want to change my life!

s (yelling more loudly): i want to change my life!

老师：完美!学生：完美!

老师：完美!学生：完美!

老师：我想讲完美的英语

学生：我想讲完美的英语

老师：我想说—学生：我想说—

学生：完美的英语。学生：完美的英语

老师：我要改变我的命运!

学生：我要改变我的命运!

jw: so is english mania good or bad? is english a tsunami, washing away other languages? not likely.english is the world"s second language. your native language is your life. but with english you can become part of a wider conversation — a global conversation about global problems, like climate change or poverty, or hunger or disease.

jw：那么这股英语热是好还是坏呢?英语是海啸吗，席卷其他所有的语言?不见得，英语是世界第二大语言。你的母语是你的生活，但是英语可以让你参与更大范围的讨论。一个全世界范围的关于全球问题的讨论。比如气候改变或者贫穷或者饥饿，或是疾病。

the world has other universal languages. mathematics is the language of science. music is the language of emotions. and now english is becoming the language of problem-solving. not because america is pushing it, but because the world is pulling it.

这个世界上还有其他的全球性语言，数学是科学的语言、音乐是感情的语言。现在，英语正在成为解决问题的语言，并不是因为美国促使其如此。而是因为全世界的需要。

so english mania is a turning point.like the harnessing of electricity in our cities, or the fall of the berlin wall, english represents hope for a better future — a future where the world has a common language to solve its common problems.

所以英语热是一个转折点，就像我们城市里的供电系统或者柏林墙的倒塌，英语代表着希望，拥有一个更好的未来的希望，未来全世界将用共同语言去解决共同的问题。

thank you very much.(applause)

非常感谢 (掌声)

如何英语演讲稿 模板13

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压力大，怎么办?压力会让你心跳加速、呼吸加快、额头冒汗!当压力成为全民健康公敌时，有研究显示只有当你与压力为敌时，它才会危害你的健康。心理学家kelly mcgonigal 从积极的一面分析压力，教你如何使压力变成你的朋友!

stress. it makes your heart pound, your breathing quicken and your forehead sweat. but while stress has been made into a public health enemy, new research suggests that stress may only be bad for you if you believe that to be the case. psychologist kelly mcgonigal urges us to see stress as a positive, and introduces us to an unsung mechanism for stress reduction: reaching out to others.

kelly mcgonigal translates academic research into practical strategies for health, happiness and personal success.

why you should listen to her：

stanford university psychologist kelly mcgonigal is a leader in the growing field of “science-help.” through books, articles, courses and workshops, mcgonigal works to help us understand and implement the latest scientific findings in psychology, neuroscience and medicine.

straddling the worlds of research and practice, mcgonigal holds positions in both the stanford graduate school of business and the school of medicine. her most recent book, the willpower instinct, e_plores the latest research on motivation, temptation and procrastination, as well as what it takes to transform habits, persevere at challenges and make a successful change.

she is now researching a new book about the "upside of stress," which will look at both why stress is good for us, and what makes us good at stress. in her words: "the old understanding of stress as a unhelpful relic of our animal instincts is being replaced by the understanding that stress actually makes us socially smart -- it"s what allows us to be fully human."

i have a confession to make, but first, i want you to make a little confession to me. in the past year, i want you to just raise your hand

if you"ve e_perienced relatively little stress. anyone?

how about a moderate amount of stress?

who has e_perienced a lot of stress? yeah. me too.

but that is not my confession. my confession is this: i am a health psychologist, and my mission is to help people be happier and healthier. but i fear that something i"ve been teaching for the last 10 years is doing more harm than good, and it has to do with stress. for years i"ve been telling people, stress makes you sick. it increases the risk of everything from the common cold to cardiovascular disease. basically, i"ve turned stress into the enemy. but i have changed my mind about stress, and today, i want to change yours.

let me start with the study that made me rethink my whole approach to stress. this study tracked 30,000 adults in the united states for eight years, and they started by asking people, "how much stress have you e_perienced in the last year?" they also asked, "do you believe that stress is harmful for your health?" and then they used public death records to find out who died.

(laughter)

okay. some bad news first. people who e_perienced a lot of stress in the previous year had a 43 percent increased risk of dying. but that was only true for the people who also believed that stress is harmful for your health. (laughter) people who e_perienced a lot of stress but did not view stress as harmful were no more likely to die. in fact, they had the lowest risk of dying of anyone in the study, including people who had relatively little stress.

now the researchers estimated that over the eight years they were tracking deaths, 182,000 americans died prematurely, not from stress, but from the belief that stress is bad for you. (laughter) that is over 20,000 deaths a year. now, if that estimate is correct, that would make believing stress is bad for you the 15th largest cause of death in the united states last year, killing more people than skin cancer, hiv/aids and homicide.

(laughter)

you can see why this study freaked me out. here i"ve been spending so much energy telling people stress is bad for your health.

so this study got me wondering: can changing how you think about stress make you healthier? and here the science says yes. when you change your mind about stress, you can change your body"s response to stress.

now to e_plain how this works, i want you all to pretend that you are participants in a study designed to stress you out. it"s called the social stress test. you come into the laboratory, and you"re told you have to give a five-minute impromptu speech on your personal weaknesses to a panel of e_pert evaluators sitting right in front of you, and to make sure you feel the pressure, there are bright lights and a camera in your face, kind of like this. and the evaluators have been trained to give you discouraging, non-verbal feedback like this.

(laughter)

now that you"re sufficiently demoralized, time for part two: a math test. and unbeknownst to you, the e_perimenter has been trained to harass you during it. now we"re going to all do this together. it"s going to be fun. for me.

okay. i want you all to count backwards from 996 in increments of seven. you"re going to do this out loud as fast as you can, starting with 996. go! audience: (counting) go faster. faster please. you"re going too slow. stop. stop, stop, stop. that guy made a mistake. we are going to have to start all over again. (laughter) you"re not very good at this, are you? okay, so you get the idea. now, if you were actually in this study, you"d probably be a little stressed out. your heart might be pounding, you might be breathing faster, maybe breaking out into a sweat. and normally, we interpret these physical changes as an_iety or signs that we aren"t coping very well with the pressure.

but what if you viewed them instead as signs that your body was energized, was preparing you to meet this challenge? now that is e_actly what participants were told in a study conducted at harvard university. before they went through the social stress test, they were taught to rethink their stress response as helpful. that pounding heart is preparing you for action. if you"re breathing faster, it"s no problem. it"s getting more o_ygen to your brain. and participants who learned to view the stress response as helpful for their performance, well, they were less stressed out, less an_ious, more confident, but the most fascinating finding to me was how their physical stress response changed. now, in a typical stress response, your heart rate goes up, and your blood vessels constrict like this. and this is one of the reasons that chronic stress is sometimes associated with cardiovascular disease. it"s not really healthy to be in this state all the time. but in the study, when participants viewed their stress response as helpful, their blood vessels stayed rela_ed like this. their heart was still pounding, but this is a much healthier cardiovascular profile. it actually looks a lot like what happens in moments of joy and courage. over a lifetime of stressful e_periences, this one biological change could be the difference between a stress-induced heart attack at age 50 and living well into your 90s. and this is really what the new science of stress reveals, that how you think about stress matters.

so my goal as a health psychologist has changed. i no longer want to get rid of your stress. i want to make you better at stress. and we just did a little intervention. if you raised your hand and said you"d had a lot of stress in the last year, we could have saved your life, because hopefully the ne_t time your heart is pounding from stress, you"re going to remember this talk and you"re going to think to yourself, this is my body helping me rise to this challenge. and when you view stress in that way, your body believes you, and your stress response becomes healthier.

now i said i have over a decade of demonizing stress to redeem myself from, so we are going to do one more intervention. i want to tell you about one of the most under-appreciated aspects of the stress response, and the idea is this: stress makes you social.

to understand this side of stress, we need to talk about a hormone, o_ytocin, and i know o_ytocin has already gotten as much hype as a hormone can get. it even has its own cute nickname, the cuddle hormone, because it"s released when you hug someone. but this is a very small part of what o_ytocin is involved in. o_ytocin is a neuro-hormone. it fine-tunes your brain"s social instincts. it primes you to do things that strengthen close relationships. o_ytocin makes you crave physical contact with your friends and family. it enhances your empathy. it even makes you more willing to help and support the people you care about. some people have even suggested we should snort o_ytocin to become more compassionate and caring. but here"s what most people don"t understand about o_ytocin. it"s a stress hormone. your pituitary gland pumps this stuff out as part of the stress response. it"s as much a part of your stress response as the adrenaline that makes your heart pound. and when o_ytocin is released in the stress response, it is motivating you to seek support. your biological stress response is nudging you to tell someone how you feel instead of bottling it up. your stress response wants to make sure you notice when someone else in your life is struggling so that you can support each other. when life is difficult, your stress response wants you to be surrounded by people who care about you.

okay, so how is knowing this side of stress going to make you healthier? well, o_ytocin doesn"t only act on your brain. it also acts on your body, and one of its main roles in your body is to protect your cardiovascular system from the effects of stress. it"s a natural anti-inflammatory. it also helps your blood vessels stay rela_ed during stress. but my favorite effect on the body is actually on the heart. your heart has receptors for this hormone, and o_ytocin helps heart cells regenerate and heal from any stress-induced damage. this stress hormone strengthens your heart, and the cool thing is that all of these physical benefits of o_ytocin are enhanced by social contact and social support, so when you reach out to others under stress, either to seek support or to help someone else, you release more of this hormone, your stress response becomes healthier, and you actually recover faster from stress. i find this amazing, that your stress response has a built-in mechanism for stress resilience, and that mechanism is human connection.

i want to finish by telling you about one more study. and listen up, because this study could also save a life. this study tracked about 1,000 adults in the united states, and they ranged in age from 34 to 93, and they started the study by asking, "how much stress have you e_perienced in the last year?" they also asked, "how much time have you spent helping out friends, neighbors, people in your community?" and then they used public records for the ne_t five years to find out who died.

okay, so the bad news first: for every major stressful life e_perience, like financial difficulties or family crisis, that increased the risk of dying by 30 percent. but -- and i hope you are e_pecting a but by now -- but that wasn"t true for everyone. people who spent time caring for others showed absolutely no stress-related increase in dying. zero. caring created resilience. and so we see once again that the harmful effects of stress on your health are not inevitable. how you think and how you act can transform your e_perience of stress. when you choose to view your stress response as helpful, you create the biology of courage. and when you choose to connect with others under stress, you can create resilience. now i wouldn"t necessarily ask for more stressful e_periences in my life, but this science has given me a whole new appreciation for stress. stress gives us access to our hearts. the compassionate heart that finds joy and meaning in connecting with others, and yes, your pounding physical heart, working so hard to give you strength and energy, and when you choose to view stress in this way, you"re not just getting better at stress, you"re actually making a pretty profound statement. you"re saying that you can trust yourself to handle life"s challenges, and you"re remembering that you don"t have to face them alone.

thank you.

(applause)

chris anderson: this is kind of amazing, what you"re telling us. it seems amazing to me that a belief about stress can make so much difference to someone"s life e_pectancy. how would that e_tend to advice, like, if someone is making a lifestyle choice between, say, a stressful job and a non-stressful job, does it matter which way they go? it"s equally wise to go for the stressful job so long as you believe that you can handle it, in some sense?

kelly mcgonigal: yeah, and one thing we know for certain is that chasing meaning is better for your health than trying to avoid discomfort. and so i would say that"s really the best way to make decisions, is go after what it is that creates meaning in your life and then trust yourself to handle the stress that follows.

ca: thank you so much, kelly. it"s pretty cool. km: thank you.

(applause)

如何英语演讲稿 模板14

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ladies and gentlemen:

greetings and welcome.

i"m so glad you"re here today.

here"s some advice.

cherish your job.

appreciate it like a gift.

it"s your "bread and butter."

it"s your opportunity to shine.

hrer"s how to enjoy your "9 to 5."

first,master your job.

be fully qualified.

be an e_pert at every task.

try to increase your efficiency.

try to do more every day.

always push yourself to improve.

strive for perfection.

strive to be the best.

your sense of achievement will soar.

second,have faith in your job.

believe in what you"re doing.

believe it"s valuable and important.

view your job as a duty.

view your work as your mission.

be assured it"s a worthy cause.

know you"re being productive.

know you"re benefiting others.

that brings job satisfaction.

third,like what you"re doing.

be in love with your job.

be convinced it"s a terrific position.

focus on the advantages.

focus on the positive aspects.

take pride in your ability and effort.

thrive on the accomplishments.

thrive on your achievements.

thrive on feeling good.

fourth,make it fun every day.

make it like playing a game.

maintain a healthy sense of humor.

always look on the bright side.

try joking with colleagues.

try asking yourself funny questions.

ask yourself:why do i have to work?

dear god,please save me!

please help me win the lottery!

finally,realize your job is a privilege.

be grateful you have one.

be thankful you"re not unemployed.

remember to master your job.

make it fun and have faith.

make every task you undertake a piece of cake.

the secret is not in doing what you like.

the secret is in liking what you do.

god bless you and enjoy your job.

如何英语演讲稿 模板15

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如何英语演讲稿 模板16

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当今社会，交流沟通变得异常重要，而公共英语演讲就是其最常见和有效的手段之一。无论是在学习还是工作中，我们会越来越多地接触到公共英语演讲，小到课堂的presentation、工作中的团建，大到学术大会上的发言、总统竞选。那么，如何才能写出精彩的英语演讲稿呢？对于初学者来讲，怎么把握其写作的关键呢？下面，我将从大家熟知并广为推崇的乔布斯__年斯坦福大学的毕业演讲稿为范本，给大家具体剖析精彩英语演讲稿的写作要点，以帮助大家进一步了解其基本写作要领和指导大家的写作实践。

一、结构清楚，逻辑明晰

由于公共演讲一般受众为数十人甚至数百、数千人，再加上演讲环境的不确定性（比如：观众的欢呼，或者抱怨），最好在进入主题后马上给出所讲内容的逻辑框架，以便听众更好的预判整个演讲内容，有利于他们更好地跟随演讲者的思路，达到良好的演讲效果。比如，乔布斯在该次演讲中，开篇稍微寒暄开篇之后，就进入正题，"today i want to tell you three stories from my life. that"s it. no big deal. just three stories."学生们马上能做出逻辑预判，我们今天会听到乔布斯谈三点，然后具体关注是哪三点，这种演讲就具备了"audience-centeredness"（以观众为中心）的特质。乔布斯在随后的演讲中明确提到，"the first story is about connecting the dots. my second story is about love and loss. my third story is about death."由于这种明晰的思路，听众在听完之后也会记忆犹新，不会觉得头脑混乱，毫无所得。

当然，演讲稿的逻辑安排有多种方式，乔布斯的这篇演讲是按照topical order（话题顺序）和chronological order（时间顺序）来安排的。除此之外, 还有 spatial order（空间顺序）, problem-solutution order（提问解决顺序）等等。大家可以根据不同的演讲内容来安排自己演讲稿的逻辑顺序和结构。

二、开篇出彩，结尾有道

演讲稿的开篇和结尾往往需要花费大量的功夫去设计，这往往是精彩演讲的亮点所在。因此，在写作时，需要结合受众、场合和演讲内容等，争取一开始就紧紧抓住听众的注意力和兴趣所在，结尾时，尽量做到意味深长、启发思考。下面，我将给大家具体分析基本的开篇和结尾模式，供大家以后写作参考。

开篇的目的是要吸引听众，乔布斯在该篇演讲稿中使用的是"relate the topic to the audience"（关联话题与听众）的方式，这是一种比较有效的方法，人们一般对自己的事情都很关注，和自己相关的事情也会格外留意，乔布斯在开篇说到，"i am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. i never graduated from college. truth be told, i never graduated from college. this is the closest i"ve ever gotten to a college graduation."高度赞美斯坦福大学是最好的大学之一，就是在与听众发生关联，让大家产生好感，当然老乔还用了适当的幽默，更好地融洽了与听众的关系，"简洁、有效"本就是乔布斯的演讲风格。除此之外，还有其他的一些开篇方式，我们也需要了解和掌握。 1. state the importance of your topic（指出演讲话题的重要性）。直接告诉听众，你的演讲重要在哪里。比如：今天要做的是一场"英语演讲的艺术"的演讲，那开始就直接指出，该演讲对于大家今后的学习工作将会有重大的帮助，甚至给出一些数据和实例，让听众明白不听这个演讲将会是我的损失。这样，听众就会很乐意投入到该次演讲中去。2. startle the audience （使听众震惊）。例如：要做一场关于"生活方式与疾病"的演讲，开篇就可以给出一组极具冲击力的数据，让听众看到生活方式的不健康将会是多么可怕的事情，这样的震惊使听众能够快速调整状态，投入到听演讲中去。3. arouse the curiosity of the audience（引起听众的好奇心）4. question the audience（向观众提问）。5. begin with a quotation（以引用开篇）。6. tell a story （以故事开篇）。这些基本开篇的方式被无数的演讲证明是实用而且有效的。

结尾往往可以起到"画龙点睛"的作用，开篇正文再好，如果结尾过于平淡，整个演讲的精彩程度都会大打折扣。那么如何做到"结尾有道"呢？首先，我们来看看乔布斯的这篇演讲稿，他的结尾比开篇更加出彩，采用的是"end with a quotation"，达到的效果是特别引人深思。他在结尾说道，"stewart and his team put out several issues of the whole earth catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. it was the mid-1970s, and i was your age. on the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitch hiking on if you were so adventurous. beneath it were the words: "stay hungry. stay foolish." it was their farewell message as they signed off. stay hungry. stay foolish. and i have always wished that for myself. and now, as you graduate to begin anew, i wish that for you. stay hungry. stay foolish."他不仅在结尾引用这句"stay hungry. stay foolish"（求知若渴，虚怀若谷），而且重复三遍，强化听众的印象，这句话也被广泛传播，被誉为该篇演讲的"精髓"。

在结尾时，可以用结束信号词让听众明白你要准备结尾了，不要让演讲结束得太突兀，比如，"in conclusion", "let me end my speech by saying...", "i"d like to close my speech this way."等。具体的结尾方式很多，常见的有：1. summarize your speech（总结演讲）。2. make a dramatic statement（强有力的陈述），这个不同于引用他人之言，往往是演讲者自己的沉淀和呐喊，非常经典的演讲是patrick henry"s legendary "liberty or death" oration. 他在结尾时说道，"is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? forbid it, almighty god! i know not what course others may take; but as for mw, give me liberty, or give me death." 3. refer to the introduction（首尾呼应）。这是体现演讲内在统一的很经典的形式，值得借鉴。

三、观点阐释，有效支撑

毫无疑问，主体段的信息量最大，写作量也是最大，如何更清晰地阐释演讲者的观点，有效支撑分论点，是写作时应该把握的关键。在明晰了写作逻辑之后，就要围绕这些逻辑要点来展开论证。乔布斯在斯坦福大学的毕业演讲中，逻辑要点有三：1. the first story is about connecting the dots. 2. my second story is about love and loss. 3. my third story is about death. 他在阐释中主要运用了以下手段。首先，举例子。文中用了大量的例子来说明他怎么对待学习、工作和死亡，比如他说起自己决定辍学然后旁听有意思的课程，这些课当时对他没什么实质的帮助，但是十年后在当他设计第一款macintosh 电脑的时候，这些东西全派上了用场，这个例子充分说明了他要讲的第一个要点-- 串起生命中的点滴。在随后的文中，乔布斯大量地讲述了他事业生活中的例子，让听众感受到真实的力量和鼓舞。其次，引用。他除了在文章最后用到了引用，文中也不乏引用的痕迹，比如在讲到死亡时，他引用了一句格言，"if you live each day as if it was your last, someday you"ll most certainly be right."这句话能表明他对于死亡的态度。恰到好处的引用往往能使听众印象深刻。第三，数据。在讲第二个故事--关于爱和失去时，乔布斯用到了一系列数据来支撑观点。他说自己是幸运的，因为，"woz and i started apple in my parents garage when i was 20. we worked hard, and in 10 years apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees. we had just released our finest creation — the macintosh — a year earlier, and i had just turned 30."数据很直观，能让听众有直接的认识和理解。

除了以上提到的主体段展开方式，还有一些常用的手段，比如：testimony（引证），可以用专家的观点增强演讲的信度，也可以用普通人的一手经验证明自己的观点。另外，大家还需要了解的是，举例分为简短的例子，具体深入的例子和假想的例子；数据包括单一数据，组合数据等等。

如何才能更加有效掌握这些演讲写作的要点呢？我有三点建议：1.多看。多看一些演讲素材，比如名人演讲，演讲比赛优秀选手的演讲等，积累大量的一手素材，当然也有必要阅读关于英语公共演讲的书籍，本人非常推荐stephen e. lucas的《演讲的艺术》。2.多想。学会分析这些演讲之所以精彩的原因，可以从我上面讲的几点入手。3.多练。在有一定积淀和感觉之后，就要大量练习写作演讲稿，话题可以从日常学习和工作中选取，实用性要强，这样练起来更有兴趣和成就感。最后，大家要明白一点，好的公共演讲除了演讲稿要好，还有别的很多因素绝不可忽视，比如：语言质量，肢体语言，视觉辅助，语音语调，临场反应，现场把控能力等，这些结合在一起才能最终让你成为一个优秀的公共演讲者。

如何英语演讲稿 模板17

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as a magician, i try to create images that make people stop and think. i also try to challenge myself to do things that doctors say are not possible. i was buried alive in new york city in a coffin, buried alive in a coffin in april, 1999, for a week. i lived there with nothing but water. and it ended up being so much fun that i decided i could pursue doing more of these things. the ne_t one is i froze myself in a block of ice for three days and three nights in new york city. that one was way more difficult than i had e_pected. the one after that, i stood on top of a hundred foot pillar for 36 hours. i began to hallucinate so hard that the buildings that were behind me started to look like big animal heads.

作为一个魔术师， 我总是尝试去创造一个现象 可以让人们驻足思考。 我也试着挑战自己 做一些医生看来不可能的事情。 我曾于1999年4月， 被埋在纽约一口棺材里 整整一个星期。 着一个礼拜仅靠水存活下来。 但结果是我从中获得极大的乐趣。 于是我决定去追求 实现更多这样的事。 下一次就是我把自己冻在一个大冰块里 整整三天三夜，地点是纽约。 那次要比我想象的困难许多。 接下来的一次，我站在一百多英尺高的柱子顶端 整整36个小时。 快结束时我开始产生非常强烈的幻觉 以至于我觉得身后的建筑看起来像巨型动物的头。

so, ne_t i went to london. in london i lived in a glass bo_ for 44 days with nothing but water. it was, for me, one of the most difficult things i"d ever done, but it was also the most beautiful. there was so many skeptics, especially the press in london, that they started flying cheeseburgers on helicopters around my bo_ to tempt me. (laughter) so, i felt very validated when the new england journal of medicine actually used the research for science.

后来，我去了伦敦。 在伦敦，我在一个玻璃箱里生存了44天 也是除了水什么都没有。 对于我来说，这次是所有挑战中最艰难的一次， 但它仍然是非常美好的一次历程。 当时有许多持怀疑态度的人，尤其是伦敦的记者们， 他们坐直升机徘徊在我的玻璃箱周围 到处扔汉堡引诱我。 (笑声) 我通过这次活动被认可而感到非常高兴， 事实上新英格兰医学杂志 还以此作为研究供科学参考。

my ne_t pursuit was i wanted to see how long i could go without breathing, like how long i could survive with nothing, not even air. i didn"t realize that it would become the most amazing journey of my life.

我的下一个追求便是想试试不呼吸能坚持多久， 也就是说什么都没有的情况下我能活多久， 甚至没有空气。 我并没有意识到， 这一次成就了我生命中最美妙的旅程。

as a young magician i was obsessed with houdini and his underwater challenges. so, i began, early on, competing against the other kids, seeing how long i could stay underwater while they went up and down to breathe, you know, five times, while i stayed under on one breath. by the time i was a teenager i was able to hold my breath for three minutes and 30 seconds. i would later find out that was houdini"s personal record.

作为一个年轻的魔术师 我沉迷于霍迪尼和他在水下屏气挑战。 孩童时候，我就开始与其他的孩子们比试， 看可以在水下待多久， 当他们得反复探头出水面呼吸， 大概5次之多，我却可以一直待在水下，完全不需要换气。。 当我是青少年的时候 我已经可以水下屏气达3分30秒之久， 后来我才发现那就是霍迪尼的个人纪录。

in 1987 i heard of a story about a boy that fell through ice and was trapped under a river. he was underneath, not breathing for 45 minutes. when the rescue workers came they resuscitated him and there was no brain damage. his core temperature had dropped to 77 degrees. as a magician, i think everything is possible. and i think if something is done by one person it can be done by others. i started to think, if the boy could survive without breathing for that long, there must be a way that i could do it.

在1987年，我听说了一个故事， 一个男孩掉进冰封的河里， 困于河底。 他45分钟内没有呼吸。 当救援人员赶到 抢救并唤醒他时，发现他并没有脑损伤， 他的心脏温度降至77度。 作为一个魔术师，我相信一切皆有可能。 我认为如果某个人可以做到某件事， 那么任何人都可以做到。 我开始思索，如果这个男孩 可以如此长时间不呼吸而活下来， 那么必定有某种途径让我也可以做到。

so, i met with a top neurosurgeon. and i asked him, how long is it possible to go without breathing, like how long could i go without air? and he said to me that anything over si_ minutes you have a serious risk of hypo_ic brain damage. so, i took that as a challenge, basically. (laughter) my first try, i figured that i could do something similar, and i created a water tank, and i filled it with ice and freezing cold water. and i stayed inside of that water tank hoping my core temperature would start to drop. and i was shivering. in my first attempt to hold my breath i couldn"t even last a minute. so, i realized that was completely not going to work.

于是我找了最好的神经科医师， 问他人若是不呼吸最长支撑多久， 也就是哪怕连空气都没有我能撑多久? 他告诉我，任何超过6分钟不呼吸的行为， 都会因缺氧而造成 严重脑损伤的危险。 那么毫无疑问，我便把它列入了我的挑战。 (笑声) 第一次试验，我打算模拟那个男孩遭遇的情况， 弄一个水缸， 注满彻骨的冰水， 然后就跳进那个水缸里， 希望我的体温可以下降。 当不住地时我颤抖。第一次尝试 我甚至连一分钟都坚持不了。 于是我意识到简单的模拟行不通，

so, i went to talk to a doctor friend, and i asked him how could i do that? "i want to hold my breath for a really long time. how could it be done?" and he said, "david, you"re a magician, create the illusion of not breathing, it will be much easier." (laughter) so, he came up with this idea of creating a rebreather, with a co2 scrubber, which was basically a tube from home depot, with a balloon duct-taped to it, that he thought we could put inside of me, and somehow be able to circulate the air and rebreathe with this thing in me. this is a little hard to watch. but this is that attempt. so, that clearly wasn"t going to work. (laughter)

我便找了一位医生朋友， 询问他我怎样才能屏气那么久， “我想在在水下长时间屏气。怎么样才可以做到呢?”我问他， 他回答，“大卫，你是魔术师， 设计一个不呼吸的假象岂不是更容易?” (笑声) 他想出这么个点子， 做一个内呼吸装置， 内置一个co2 涤气器， 其实基本上就是一个家用的管子， 再套一个气球仅此而已。 他认为可以把这个东西放到我身体里， 然后用某种方式可以循环空气达到再呼吸的目的。 他是这么把东西放进来的， 这过程看起来会不太舒服... 但那是一次尝试。 好了，很显然它是不会起作用的。 (笑声)

then i actually started thinking about liquid breathing. there is a chemical that"s called perflubron. and it"s so high in o_ygen levels that in theory you could breathe it. so, i got my hands on that chemical, filled the sink up with it, and stuck my face in the sink and tried to breathe that in, which was really impossible. it"s basically like trying to breathe, as a doctor said, while having an elephant standing on your chest. so, that idea disappeared.

接着我开始考虑 试试液体呼吸。 有一种叫全氟化合物的化学药剂， 含氧量特别高， 理论上你是可以用它来呼吸。 于是我打算尝试这种化学试剂， 将它灌满水缸，把脸浸在里面， 试着呼吸。 但那实在是不太可能， 基本上就如医生所说， 情况如同一头大象踩住你胸口的同时你还非得呼吸一样。 这个法子看来也行不通。

then i started thinking, would it be possible to hook up a heart/lung bypass machine and have a surgery where it was a tube going into my artery, and then appear to not breathe while they were o_ygenating my blood? which was another insane idea, obviously.

接着我想到， 有没有可能在我的心脏和肺之间用机械搭桥， 然后做手术把管子放入动脉， 表面没有呼吸但事实上这些装备在为我的血液供氧? 但这显然又是另一个疯狂的想法。

then i thought about the craziest idea of all the ideas: to actually do it. (laughter) to actually try to hold my breath past the point that doctors would consider you brain dead. so, i started researching into pearl divers. you know, because they go down for four minutes on one breath. and when i was researching pearl divers, i found the world of free-diving. it was the most amazing thing that i ever discovered, pretty much. there is many different aspects to free-diving. there is depth records, where people go as deep as they can. and then there is static apnea. that"s holding your breath as long as you can in one place without moving. that was the one that i studied.

后来，我想出了一个最疯狂的办法： 那就是，真刀真枪的来。 (笑声) 去真正憋气至那一刻， 那连医生都认为会脑死亡的时间。 于是我开始搜集 有关采珠人的信息。 因为他们可以只用一口气便在水下待4分钟之久。 而且当我在做采珠人调查时 我发现了另一番洞天--自由潜水。 它几乎可以说是我至今发现最奇妙的事。 自由潜水有很多种， 有深度记录的，人们可以潜到他们能达到的最大深度， 还有静止屏气， 就是能憋气多久就憋多久， 但必须静止在一个固定的地方。 那就是我调查的研究。

the first thing that i learned is when you"re holding your breath you should never move at all; that wastes energy. and that depletes o_ygen, and it builds up co2 in your blood. so, i learned never to move. and i learned how to slow my heart rate down. i had to remain perfectly still and just rela_ and think that i wasn"t in my body, and just control that. and then i learned how to purge. purging is basically hyperventilating. you blow in and out ... you do that, you get lightheaded, you get tingling. and you"re really ridding your body of co2. so, when you hold your breath it"s infinitely easier. then i learned that you have to take a huge breath, and just hold and rela_ and never let any air out, and just hold and rela_ through all the pain.

我学到的第一个要领就是当你在屏气时 应该一动不动，否则会浪费能量， 消耗氧气， 并会使血液中的co2含量升高。所以我试着不去移动。 我也学到了怎样减缓我的心率。 必须去保证一动不动并且非常放松 想象自己已经不在身体里， 并且要持续保持。 然后我学了怎样净化呼吸， 净化呼吸实际上就是强力呼吸。 呼进，呼出 然后会感到眩晕，耳鸣， 这样就可以排除身体内的co2， 接着当你再屏气的时候，就会感到轻松。 然后我学到必须要吸很大的一口气， 憋住，放松，别让一点儿空漏出去， 憋着并放松着尝试忍过所有的痛苦感觉。

every morning, this is for months, i would wake up and the first thing that i would do is i would hold my breath for, out of 52 minutes, i would hold my breath for 44 minutes. so, basically what that means is i would purge, i"d breath really hard for a minute. and i would hold, immediately after, for five and half minutes. then i would breath again for a minute, purging as hard as i can, then immediately after that i would hold again for five and half minutes. i would repeat this process eight times in a row. out of 52 minutes you"re only breathing for eight minutes. at the end of that you"re completely fried, your brain. you feel like you"re walking around in a daze. and you have these awful headaches. basically, i"m not the best person to talk to when i"m doing that stuff.

每天早晨，连续几个月， 我醒来第一件事 就是屏住呼吸 在52分钟内， 我能憋气44分钟。 那就是说我会用净化呼吸的方式， 用力的呼吸一分钟 然后就马上屏气5分半钟， 接着再用力呼吸一分钟， 使最大的力气去净化呼吸， 然后马上再一次屏住呼吸5分半钟。 我会连续重复这样的过程8次。 在52分钟内，我其实只呼吸8分钟。 在快要结束时，我觉得大脑快炸开了， 就好像在一片耀眼中行走， 头痛欲裂。 似乎我属于做的出却描述不出的人。

i started learning about the world-record holder. his name is tom sietas. and this guy is perfectly built for holding his breath. he"s si_ foot four. he"s 160 pounds. and his total lung capacity is twice the size of an average person. i"m si_ foot one, and fat. we"ll say big-boned. (laughter) i had to drop 50 pounds in three months. so, everything that i put into my body i considered as medicine. every bit of food was e_actly what it was for its nutritional value. i ate really small controlled portions throughout the day. and i started to really adapt my body. (laughter)

我开始了解到这个记录的保持者 叫汤姆 斯塔斯。 这家伙就像是为屏气而生的， 他有6尺4，160磅重。 而且他的肺活量是 正常人的2倍。 我呢，6尺1寸，很胖， 或者可以硬是说成骨架比较大。 (笑声) 所以我必须在三个月内减掉50磅。 所有放进我嘴里的东西 我都看作是药物， 每一小块食物都按照营养价值需要来吃。 一天内 我都保持吃非常小量的食物， 渐渐的我开始保持很好的状态了。 (笑声)

the thinner i was, the longer i was able to hold my breath. and by eating so well and training so hard, my resting heart-rate dropped to 38 beats per minute. which is lower than most olympic athletes. in four months of training i was able to hold my breath for over seven minutes. i wanted to try holding my breath everywhere. i wanted to try it in the most e_treme situations to see if i could slow my heart rate down under duress. (laughter)

我越瘦，就越能长时间屏住呼吸。 通过饮食控制搭配艰苦的训练， 我的心率下降到每分钟38次， 比多数奥林匹克选手都要低。 在4个月的训练，我已经可以屏住呼吸 长达7分钟之久。 我在任何地方都训练屏气， 尝试在极端的环境下屏气 检验是否可能降低心率 在如此高压下。 (笑声)

i decided that i was going to break the world record live on prime-time television. the world record was eight minutes and 58 seconds, held by tom sietas, that guy with the whale lungs i told you about. (laughter) i assumed that i could put a water tank at lincoln center and if i stayed there a week not eating, i would get comfortable in that situation and i would slow my metabolism, which i was sure would help me hold my breath longer than i had been able to do it. i was completely wrong.

终于我准备好要打破世界纪录， 要在黄金时段的电视频道直播。 当时的世界纪录是8分58秒， 汤姆，斯塔斯始终保持，我告诉过你们那个家伙有鲸鱼一样大的肺。 (笑声) 我设想可以在林肯中心放一个巨型水缸 然后我不吃饭在那里面先待一个礼拜， 就会比较适应了， 并且新陈代谢也会缓慢下来， 我很肯定这样做可以 帮我更长时间的屏住呼吸。 显然我完全错了。

i entered the sphere a week before the scheduled air date. and i thought everything seemed to be on track. two days before my big breath hold attempt, for the record, the producers of my television special thought that just watching somebody holding their breath, and almost drowning, is too boring for television. (laughter) so, i had to add handcuffs, while holding my breath, to escape from. this was a critical mistake. because of the movement i was wasting o_ygen. and by seven minutes i had gone into these awful convulsions. by 7:08 i started to black out. and by seven minutes and 30 seconds they had to pull my body out and bring me back. i had failed on every level. (laughter)

我提前一个礼拜去到中心， 感觉一切都渐渐上了轨道， 没想到的是，在破纪录憋气尝试的前两天， 电视制作人 突然觉得 光看人憋气像是快要淹死 对观众来说太过无聊。 (笑声) 于是我不得不加上手铐， 边屏气边试着挣脱它们。 这被证明是个极严重的错误。 开始后我因为挣脱的动作浪费了很多氧气， 到第7分钟我已经开始 不住可怕的抽搐中™ 到7分08秒时，我开始失去知觉， 7分30秒的时候 他们必须把我拉出来进行抢救。 我输的一塌糊涂。 (笑声)

so, naturally, the only way out of the slump that i could think of was, i decided to call oprah. (laughter) i told her that i wanted to up the ante and hold my breath longer than any human being ever had. this was a different record. this was a pure o2 static apnea record that guinness had set the world record at 13 minutes. so, basically you breath pure o2 first, o_ygenating your body, flushing out co2, and you are able to hold much longer. i realized that my real competition was the beaver. (laughter)

所以很自然唯一可以摆脱消沉 我可以想到的 就是去找奥普拉。 (笑声) 我告诉他我要提高赌注 我要屏住呼吸长过所有人。 这是个不同的记录， 这次是纯氧静止屏气记录， 由吉尼斯目前的13分钟为世界纪录。 也就是先吸入入纯氧, 充沛氧气，排出二氧化碳。 然后你就可以屏气更长时间。 当时我意识到，我真正的竞争者是-- 海狸。 (笑声)

in january of "08 oprah gave me four months to prepare and train. so, i would sleep in a hypo_ic tent every night. a hypo_ic tent is a tent that simulates altitude at 15,000 feet. so, it"s like base camp everest. what that does is, you start building up the red blood cell count in your body, which helps you carry o_ygen better. every morning, again, after getting out of that tent your brain is completely wiped out. my first attempt on pure o2, i was able to go up to 15 minutes. so, it was a pretty big success.

2024年1月 奥普拉给了我4个月准备和训练。 我每晚睡在低氧舱里， 所谓低氧舱就是模拟 海拔15000尺的含氧量， 跟终极野营似的。 这么做的原因是， 可以累积体内红细胞的数目， 帮助你更好的保存氧气。 每个早晨，同样的，从低氧舱里出来时 大脑一片空白。 第一次尝试纯氧时，我已经可以屏气15分钟。 这已经算是不小的成功了。

the neurosurgeon pulled me out of the water because in his mind, at 15 minutes your brain is done, you"re brain dead. so, he pulled me up, and i was fine. there was one person there that was definitely not impressed. it was my e_-girlfriend. while i was breaking the record underwater for the first time, she was sifting through my blackberry, checking all my messages. (laughter) my brother had a picture of it. it is really ... (laughter)

当那个神经外科医师把我从水里拉出来时相当震惊-- 在他看来，15分钟不呼吸 你的大脑就完了，脑死亡-- 可是当他把我拉出来，我却状态良好， 当时肯定有一个人是觉得没什么大不了， 就是我的前女友。当我在水下第一次打破纪录时， 她却在翻我的黑莓手机， 检查我所有的短信。 (笑声) 我哥哥拍了张当时的照片。那真的是... (笑声)

i then announced that i was going to go for sietas" record, publicly. and what he did in response, is he went on regis and kelly, and broke his old record. then his main competitor went out and broke his record. so, he suddenly pushed the record up to 16 minutes and 32 seconds. which was three minutes longer than i had prepared. you know, it was longer than the record.

终于我宣布 公开挑战斯塔斯的记录， 他所做的回应， 就是在regis and kelly节目中， 自己打破他以前的记录。 然后他的主要竞争者又出来，并再次打破记录。 这样，记录离奇被提到 16分32秒。 比我所做的准备长出3分钟。 你知道，比原来纪录长出很多。

now, i wanted to get the science times to document this. i wanted to get them to do a piece on it. so, i did what any person seriously pursuing scientific advancement would do. i walked into the new york times offices and did card tricks to everybody. (laughter) so, i don"t know if it was the magic or the lore of the cayman islands, but john tierney flew down and did a piece on the seriousness of breath-holding.

这下，我打算让科学时代杂志来报道这一切， 我希望他们也能参与， 于是，我做了任何一个 严谨探索科学的人都该做的事， 我走进纽约时报的办公室 给每个人表演纸牌魔术。 (笑声) 我不知道是魔术的原因还是开曼群岛的信仰， 约翰，第尔尼被说服了， 还写了论屏住呼吸之严重性的报道。

while he was there i tried to impress him, of course. and i did a dive down to 160 feet, which is basically the height of a 16 story building, and as i was coming up, i blacked out underwater, which is really dangerous; that"s how you drown. luckily kirk had seen me and he swam over and pulled me up. so, i started full focus. i completely trained to get my breath hold time up for what i needed to do. but there was no way to prepare for the live television aspect of it, being on oprah.

当他在那儿的时候，我试图给他深刻印象 于是我猛地下潜了160尺， 大概有16层楼那么高， 可我在上浮过程中，昏了过去， 那是相当危险的。那就是人们如何溺水的。 幸运的是克尔克看到我 他游过去把我救了上来。 这下我开始全神贯注了。 我彻底严格的训练延长屏气时间， 做我该做的事。 但不可能完全按照将电视直播的方式而准备， 也就是那个奥普拉的节目。

but in practice, i would do it face down, floating on the pool. but for tv they wanted me to be upright so they could see my face, basically. the other problem was the suit was so buoyant that they had to strap my feet in to keep me from floating up. so, i had to use my legs to hold my feet into the straps that were loose, which was a real problem for me. that made me e_tremely nervous, raising the heart rate.

练习中，我会面朝下，悬浮在水缸中， 但上电视时，他们却希望我面朝前， 以便观众看见我的脸。 另一个问题是， 那身衣服让我易悬浮， 所以他们不得不用皮带绑住我的脚保持我不至上浮， 同时我得用双腿帮助脚站稳在那个松松的皮带里面， 那对我来说是非常头疼的事， 因为它导致我极度紧张， 提高了心率。

then, what they also did was, which we never did before, is there was a heart-rate monitor. and it was right ne_t to the sphere. so, every time my heart would beat i"d hear the beep-beep-beep-beep, you know, the ticking, really loud. which was making me more nervous. and there is no way to slow my heart rate down. so, normally i would start at 38 beats per minute, and while holding my breath it would drop to 12 beats per minute, which is pretty unusual. (laughter) this time it started at 120 beats, and it never went down.

除此之外，他们还装了， 我以前从未试过的，就是装了一个心率监测器 它就在放置在我的球型水缸旁边， 所以，每一次我心跳动时，都会听到哔哔的声音。 你知道，那个声音，非常吵。 它导致我更加紧张。 而且我竟然没有办法去降低心率。 一般情况下 我的心率是每分钟38次， 而且当我屏住呼吸时它会降到每分钟12次， 这是可是很不寻常的。 (笑声) 这一次，它却以每分钟120次作为开始， 再也没有降下去。

i spent the first five minutes underwater desperately trying to slow my heart rate down. i was just sitting there thinking, "i"ve got to slow this down. i"m going to fail, i"m going to fail." and i was getting more nervous. and the heart rate just kept going up and up, all the way up to 150 beats. basically it"s the same thing that created my downfall at lincoln center. it was a waste of o2. when i made it to the halfway mark, at eight minutes, i was 100 percent certain that i was not going to be able to make this. there was no way for me to do it.

在水下前5分钟 我疯狂的尝试降低心率， 当时我只不住地想，“我必须让心率减速 我要失败了，我要失败了。” 而且我越来越紧张。 心率一直飙升， 直到每分钟150次。 其实就是出现了和伦敦中心失败时一样的情况， 心跳过快浪费氧气. 当我坚持到一半的时候，大概8分钟时， 我已经百分百确定 我不会成功了。 我根本做不到。

so, i figured, oprah had dedicated an hour to doing this breath hold thing, if i had cracked early it would be a whole show about how depressed i am. (laughter) so, i figured i"m better off just fighting and staying there until i black out, at least then they can pull me out and take care of me and all that. (laughter)

然后，我想，奥普拉贡献一整个小时 来做这个水下屏气的节目。如果我早早失败了 它就会变成一个描述我失败后如何沮丧的节目。 (笑声) 所以，我发现我还是最好强撑着， 直到昏过去， 至少这样他们可以先把我拉出来再抢救什么的。 (笑声)

i kept pushing to 10 minutes. at 10 minutes you start getting all these really strong tingling sensations in your fingers and toes. and i knew that that was blood shunting, when the blood rushes away from your e_tremities to provide o_ygen to your vital organs. at 11 minutes i started feeling throbbing sensations in my legs, and my lips started to feel really strange.

我一直坚持到10分钟，在第十分钟时 我开始有这种非常强烈的 手指和脚趾镇痛的感觉。 我知道那是血液分流， 也就是血液从肢端回流 去为重要的器官供氧。 在第11分钟，我开始感到 腿部的抽搐感， 而且嘴唇感觉奇怪。

at minute 12 i started to have ringing in my ears, and i started to feel my arm going numb. and i"m a hypochondriac, and i remember arm numb means heart attack. so, i started to really get really paranoid. then at 13 minutes, maybe because of the hypochondria. i started feeling pains all over my chest. it was awful. at 14 minutes, i had these awful contractions, like this urge to breathe. (laughter)

在第12分钟我开始耳鸣， 而且胳膊开始麻木。 我是个忧郁症患者，我记起任何的麻木意味着心脏病。 于是我开始恐慌起来。 然后在第13分钟，可能由于忧郁症， 我感到胸前巨痛。 太难受了。 在第14分钟， 我有一种强烈的欲望， 想要呼吸的欲望。 (笑声)

at 15 minutes i was suffering major o2 deprivation to the heart. and i started having ischemia to the heart. my heartbeat would go from 120, to 50, to 150, to 40, to 20, to 150 again. it would skip a beat. it would start. it would stop. and i felt all this. and i was sure that i was going to have a heart attack. so, at 16 minutes what i did is i slid my feet out because i knew that if i did go out, if i did have a heart attack, they"d have to jump into the binding and take my feet out before pulling me up. so, i was really nervous.

在第15分钟，我遭受 心脏缺氧的症状， 心脏开始供血不足， 心率从120， 下降到50，又从150到40，20，又到150. 它会忽然停跳一拍， 时而开始，时而停止。而且我能感受到这发生的一切。 我很确定我快要心脏病了。 于是在第16分钟，我把脚滑出扣带 因为我知道如果我确实要离开水面， 或是突发心脏病， 他们会先跳进来松开我的脚上的扣带 再拉我出水。所以我非常紧张。

so, i let my feet out, and i started floating to the top. and i didn"t take my head out. but i was just floating there waiting for my heart to stop, just waiting. they had doctors with the "pst," you know, so, sitting there waiting. and then suddenly i hear screaming. and i think that there is some weird thing -- that i had died or something had happened. and then i realized that i had made it to 16:32. so, with the energy of everybody that was there i decided to keep pushing. and i went to 17 minutes and four seconds. (applause)

我松开了我的脚，开始任由身体上浮， 但我没有把头伸出水面， 我只是，等待我心跳停止的那一刻... 等待着... 你知道他们有神经科的医生 坐在那里等着抢救我。 突然，我听到尖叫声， 我想一定是很疯狂的事发生了， 比如我死了之类的。 然而我突然意识到，我坚持到了16：32! 在场每一位观众释放出来给予我的能量 让我决定继续坚持... 我坚持到了,17分30秒。 (掌声)

as though that wasn"t enough, what i did immediately after is i went to quest labs and had them take every blood sample that they could to test for everything and to see where my levels were, so the doctors could use it, once again. i also didn"t want anybody to question it. i had the world record and i wanted to make sure it was legitimate.

即使那还不够，在出来之后我立刻 去了实验室 他们尽可能地提取了各处的血液样本 以测试所有指标以及我的状况， 那样医生就可以把它们记录在案。 当然我不希望任何人怀疑， 我创造了世界纪录，我当然希望 确定它是堂堂正正的。

so, i get to new york city the ne_t day, and this kid walks up to me -- i"m walking out of the apple store -- this kid walks up to me he"s like, "yo, d!" i"m like "yeah?" he said, "if you really held your breath that long, why"d you come out of the water dry?" i was like "what?" (laughter) and that"s my life. so ... (laughter)

这样第二天我去了纽约， 有个小孩朝我走过来--我刚走出“苹果”-- 这孩子走向我，说，“嘿，大卫!” 我说“怎么了?” 他说，“如果你真的可以水下屏气那么久， 为什么你从水里出来的时候是干的?” 我没反应过来“什么?” (笑声) 这就是我的生活。你瞧... (笑声)

as a magician i try to show things to people that seem impossible. and i think magic, whether i"m holding my breath or shuffling a deck of cards, is pretty simple. it"s practice, it"s training, and it"s -- it"s practice, it"s training and e_perimenting, while pushing through the pain to be the best that i can be. and that"s what magic is to me, so, thank you. (applause)

作为一个魔术师，我试着展现一些东西 那些看似不可能的事。 我认为魔术，不管是水下屏气 还是捣鼓一副纸牌， 道理都很简单。 就是练习，训练，以及... 就是练习，训练，以及不断尝试。 去强忍过那些极痛苦的时刻，做自己能做的一切。 这就是魔术对于我的意义。谢谢你们。 (掌声)

如何英语演讲稿 模板18

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如何英语演讲稿 模板19

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1．根据听众对象，注意演讲的总体措词

演讲的总体措词是严肃一些还是活泼一些，是有较明显的说教口气还是用平等的口吻，等等，都要根据听众对象而定。如果场下听众是同龄的学生，那么演讲的内容只要风趣一些往往就能引起共鸣。但另一方面，如果听众大多是上了年纪的教师，太多的笑料反而会被认为"不严肃"，"不尊重"，而引起反感。

用英语演讲，不要用太多 i feel, i think，老是用i，显得十分主观，狭隘。如果通篇全是 i feel, i

think 的内容，会给人觉得缺乏说服力。另外，perhaps, maybe

这样的词语，虽然有"客气，谦虚"的成分，但太多会让人觉得你演讲的内容有不可靠之处。

还有，在演讲中，要少用you，多用we。用you等于把自己与听众对立起来，而用we则拉近了与听众的距离。比如：you

should not smoke．听上去像教训人，而 let"s not smoke听起来是一个不错的建议。

2．演讲要越短越好 of the people, by the people, for the

people(民有，民治，民享)已成为不朽佳句。对于中学生来说，这篇演讲现在读起来一定会觉得很难，但要写好英语演讲，这确实是值得认真研读的经典之作。

gettysburg address

four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on

this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and

dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that

nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long

endure.

we are met on a great battlefield of that war. we have come to

dedicate a portion of the field as a final resting-place for

those who here gave their lives that the nation might live. it

is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. but

in a larger sense we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we

cannot hallow this ground.

the brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have

consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract.

the world will little note, nor long remember, what we say

here, but it can never forget what they did here.

it is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated here to the

unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so

nobly advanced. it is rather for us to be here dedicated to

the great task remaining before us, ----that from these

honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for

which they gave the last full measure of devotion, ----that we

here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in

vain, ----that this nation, under god, shall have a new birth

of freedom, ----and that government of the people, by the

people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

其实，我们中学生练习写演讲稿，可以短些，从4～5分钟，500～600个词，围绕一个主题开始练习。

3．英语演讲稿的基本组成部分

从大的方面看，英语演讲词实际上是属于一种特殊的说明文或议论文，其基本组成部分是：

1)开始时对听众的称呼语

最常用的是 ladies and gentlemen，也可根据不同情况，选用 fellow students,

distinguished guests, mr chairman, honorable judges(评委)等等。

2)提出论题

由于演讲的时间限制，必须开门见山，提出论题。提出论题的方法有各种各样，但最生动，最能引起注意的是用举例法。比如：你要呼吁大家关心贫穷地区的孩子，你可以用亲眼看到的或者收集到的那些贫穷孩子多么需要帮助的实例开始。另外，用具体的统计数据也是一个有效的引出论题的方法，比如：你要谈遵守交通规则的话题，你可以从举一系列有关车辆、车祸等的数据开始。

3)论证

对提出的论题，不可主观地妄下结论，而要进行客观的论证。这是演讲中最需要下功夫的部分。关键是要把道理讲清楚。常见的论证方法有举例法、因果法、对比法等等，可参见英语议论文的有关章节。

4)结论

结论要简明扼要，以给听众留下深刻印象。

5)结尾

结尾要简洁，不要拉拉扯扯，说个没完。特别是不要受汉语影响，说些类似"准备不足，请谅解"，"请批评指正"这样的废话。最普通的结尾就是：thank

you very much for your attention。

4．英语演讲稿的语言特征

1)多用实词，多用短句，少用结构复杂的长句

在英语演讲中，and, but, so, then 等虚词要尽量少用，that, which

等词引导的定语从句也只会使句子结构变得复杂，而使听众难以跟上演讲者的思路，从而影响演讲的效果。相反，多使用实词，短句，可使得演讲内容更清晰，气势更磅礴。

2)演讲要注意使用各种修辞手法，增加演讲的感染力和气势。英语演讲中常用的修辞手法有：渐进(clima_)、对照(antithesis)、排比(parallelism)、警句(epigram)等等，例如：

that government of the people, by the people, for the people

shall not perish from the earth．(排比)

这个民有、民治、民享的国家将不会从地球上消失。

united, there is little we can not do; divided, there is

little we can do．(对照)

团结，我们便将无所不能；分裂，我们则会一事无成。

let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that

we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship,

support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and

the success of liberty． (对照和渐进)

让世界各国都知道，无论对我们怀有好感与敌意，我们将付出任何代价，肩负任何重任，面对任何艰辛，支持任何朋友，反对任何敌人，以确保自由的生存与成功。

what we should fear most is the fear itself．(警句)

我们最应恐惧的是恐惧本身。

ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do

for your country．(对照)

不要问你们的国家能为你们做些什么，而要问你们能为你们的国家做些什么。

设想一下，假如在我们的演讲中能融入上述这样运用得当的修辞手段，那我们的演讲将会变得多么有力与动人

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how to make hard choices

演讲者：ruth chang

| 中英对照演讲稿 |

think of a hard choice you"ll face in the near future. it might be between two careers--artist and accountant--or places to live--the city or the country--or even between two people to marry--you could marry betty or you could marry lolita. or it might be a choice about whether to have children, to have an ailing parent move in with you, to raise your child in a religion that your partner lives by but leaves you cold. or whether to donate your life savings to charity.

设想在不久的未来，你将面对一个艰难的决定。这也许是在两份职业中做出一个选择，艺术家还是会计师;也许是选择居住的地方，城市还是乡村;也许是在两个人中选择和谁结婚，betty 或者是lolita;抑或思考是否要孩子;是否让年老体衰的父母跟你一起住;是否让你的孩子信奉你配偶信仰的宗教，即便你会因自身不信奉而被冷落;又或者说，是否将毕生积储捐赠给慈善机构。

chances are, the hard choice you thought of was something big, something momentous, something that matters to you. hard choices seem to be occasions for agonizing, hand-wringing, the gnashing of teeth. but i think we"ve misunderstood hard choices and the role they play in our lives. understanding hard choicesuncovers a hidden power each of us possesses.

有可能，你所思考的这些艰难抉择都十分庞大，十分重要你也十分重视。每当困难的选择出现，他都会让你感到痛苦、绝望，让你咬牙切齿。但我认为我们误解了艰难抉择的定义，更误解了其在我们生活中扮演的角色。倘若能理解这些艰难决定，我们每个人便会发掘出 一种隐藏的潜力。

what makes a choice hard is the way the alternatives relate. in any easy choice, one alternative is better than the other. in a hard choice, one alternative is better in some ways, the other alternative is better in other ways, and neither is better than the other overall. you agonize over whether to stay in your current job in the city or uproot your life for more challenging work in the country, because staying is better in some ways,moving is better in others, and neither is better than the other overall.

一个抉择之所以难是由于选项之间相互关联。任何简单的抉择中，总有一种选择比另一种要好。可在艰难抉择中，一种选择在某些方面较好，另一种选择在其他方面较好，二者各有千秋让人无法定夺。你痛苦地纠结于应该继续呆在这座城市里干这份工作，还是改变一下你的生活方式到乡村去接受更具挑战性的工作，因为留下有留下的好处，离开也有好处，两种选择各有千秋难以定夺。

we shouldn"t think that all hard choices are big. let"s say you"re deciding what to have for breakfast. you could have high fiber bran cereal or a chocolate donut. suppose what matters in the choice is tastiness and healthfulness. the cereal is better for you, the donut tastes way better, but neither is better than the other overall, a hard choice.

我们不应该认为所有的艰难抉择都很庞大。打个比方，你正决定吃什么早餐。你可以吃高纤维全谷干麦片，或者吃巧克力甜甜圈。假设在此抉择中的决定性因素是美味程度和健康程度。麦片对你身体好，甜甜圈却好吃很多，但两者都有自身优势，这就是一个艰难抉择。

realizing that small choices can also be hard, may make big hard choices seem less intractable. after all, we manage to figure out what to have for breakfast, so maybe we can figure out whether to stay in the city or uproot for the new job in the country.

如果意识到小的选择也可能会变得困难，那面对大的艰难抉择时我们可能就不会觉得那么棘手了。毕竟，我们总能决定早餐吃什么，所以我们也许能够想明白，究竟要留在市区，还是到乡下接手新的工作。

we also shouldn"t think that hard choices are hard because we are stupid. when i graduated from college, i couldn"t decide between two careers, philosophy and law. i really loved philosophy. there are amazing things you can learn as a philosopher, and all from the comfort of an armchair. but i came from a modest immigrant family where my idea of lu_ury was having a pork tongue and jelly sandwich in my school lunchbo_, so the thought of spending my whole life sitting around in armchairs just thinking ... well, that struck me as the height of e_travagance and frivolity.

同时，我们也不应该觉得，选择之所以难是因为自己很愚蠢。在我刚大学毕业的时候，我无法从两种职业中抉择，哲学还是法律。我真心喜欢哲学，若能成为哲学家，便能学到很多惊奇的东西，而且舒舒服服地坐在椅子上就好。可我出生自一个朴实简素的移民家庭，我对奢侈的概念，就是能在上学的午餐盒里找到一块猪舌和一份果冻三明治。所以这种一辈子仅坐在椅子上思考的想法，其实，对我来说只是一种奢侈和轻浮的假象罢了。

so i got out my yellow pad, i drew a line down the middle, and i tried my best to think of the reasons for and against each alternative. i remember thinking to myself, if only i knew what my life in each career would be like. if only god or netfli_ would send me a dvd of my two possible future careers, i"d be set. i"d compare them side by side, i"d see that one was better, and the choice would be easy.

所以我拿出自己黄色笔记本，在中间划了一条线，然后竭尽所能地写出每种选择的利与弊。当时我就想：如果能知道选择某种职业后我的人生会变成怎样就好了。如果上帝或者网飞公司能送我一张dvd来向我描述这两种充满可能性的职业生涯，那我就能做出选择了。我就能一一对比，看看哪种更好，这样一来抉择就简单多了。

but i got no dvd, and because i couldn"t figure out which was better, i did what many of us do in hard choices: i took the safest option. fear of being an unemployed philosopher led me to become a lawyer, and as i discovered, lawyering didn"t quite fit. it wasn"t who i was.

但我没有收到这种dvd，而且由于我实在想不出哪一种更优，我就和大多数人一样：选择了最安全的一项。成为失业哲学家的恐惧，驱使我成了一名律师。可后来我发现，当律师不大适合我，这不是真正的我。

so now i"m a philosopher, and i study hard choices, and i can tell you, that fear of the unknown, while a common motivational default in dealing with hard choices, rests on a misconception of them.

所以我现在是名哲学家，我钻研艰难抉择，我可以告诉大家，对未知产生恐惧是在进行困难抉择时的自然反应，而这种恐惧来源于对艰难抉择的误解。

it"s a mistake to think that in hard choices, one alternative really is better than the other, but we"re too stupid to know which, and since we don"t know which, we might as well take the least risky option. even taking two alternatives side by side with full information, a choice can still be hard. hard choices are hard not because of us or our ignorance; they"re hard because there is no best option.

我们不应该认为，在艰难抉择中某种选择总会会比另一种好，可我们自身太愚蠢，所以无法辨别，那既然我们无法定夺，倒不如选风险最小的那项。就算你完全了解了两种选项并将其一一对照，你仍然很难决定。选择之所以难，不是因为我们无知;难的原因在于没有最优选项。

now, if there"s no best option, if the scales don"t tip in favor of one alternative over another, then surely the alternatives must be equally good. so maybe the right thing to say in hard choices is that they"re between equally good options. but that can"t be right. if alternatives are equally good, you should just flip a coin between them, and it seems a mistake to think, here"s how you should decide between careers, places to live, people to marry: flip a coin.

那么，如果没有最佳项，如果衡量的天秤不会倾向于 任何一方，那么任何选项都一定是好的。所以面对艰难抉择，可能正确的思维方式，就是认为选项双方一样好。这种想法肯定不对。如果选项都一样好，那还不如直接抛硬币算了，这样就会产生思想误区，让你认为自己选择事业、住处、婚嫁时都抛硬币选择就好了。

there"s another reason for thinking that hard choices aren"t choices between equally good options. suppose you have a choice between two jobs: you could be an investment banker or a graphic artist. there are a variety of things that matter in such a choice, like the e_citement of the work, achieving financial security,having time to raise a family, and so on.

还有另外一个原因，使艰难选择并非是在同等好的选项中抉择。 假设你要在两份工作中挑选： 你可以做投资银行家，或做平面设计师。在这个选择当中有颇多决定性因素，譬如工作带来的兴奋程度、能获得的经济保障、顾家时间等等。

maybe the artist"s career puts you on the cutting edge of new forms of pictorial e_pression. maybe the banking career puts you on the cutting edge of new forms of financial manipulation.

也许艺术家这个职业能让你接触最前沿的图像表达技术。或许当银行家你就能接触最前端的金融操纵手段。你可以想象任何两种你喜欢的职业，但两者都不会比另一方好的。

imagine the two jobs however you like, so that neither is better than the other.now suppose we improve one of them, a bit. suppose the bank, wooing you, adds 500 dollars a month to your salary. does the e_tra money now make the banking job better than the artist one? not necessarily. a higher salary makes the banking job better than it was before, but it might not be enough to make being a banker better than being an artist.

现在，假设我们能稍微改进其中的一方。假设一间银行尝试讨好你，在你的月薪里增加500美元。这一笔额外的金钱会不会让这份银行家的工作优于当艺术家呢?说不准。更高的薪酬让银行家的工作优于以前，但额外薪水不一定足够让成为银行家变得比成为艺术家好。

but if an improvement in one of the jobs doesn"t make it better than the other, then the two original jobs could not have been equally good. if you start with two things that are equally good, and you improve one of them, it now must be better than the other. that"s not the case with options in hard choices.

可如果对其中一种职业进行改进后结果并没有让一方优于另一方，那么两种选择本身就不可能是一样好。如果两件事一开始都同等的好 ，当你改进了其中一件，那它就一定会优于另一个。在艰难抉择中并非如此。

so now we"ve got a puzzle. we"ve got two jobs. neither is better than the other, nor are they equally good.so how are we supposed to choose? something seems to have gone wrong here. maybe the choice itself is problematic, and comparison is impossible. but that can"t be right. it"s not like we"re trying to choose between two things that can"t be compared. we"re weighing the merits of two jobs, after all, not the merits of the number nine and a plate of fried eggs. a comparison of the overall merits of two jobs is something we can make, and one we often do make.

那么现在我们就有一个疑惑了。这两份工作，没有一方能完胜另一方，但又不是同等的好。究竟该怎么选择呢? 貌似有些事情出错了。可能选项的本身就存在问题，导致我们无法比较。但这也不对啊。我们并不是要在两种不能被对比的事物间选择。我们说到底是在衡量两份工作的利弊，不是对比数字9和 一盘煎鸡蛋的好处。对比两份工作的总体优势是我们能做到的，也是我们经常做的事。

i think the puzzle arises because of an unreflective assumption we make about value. we unwittingly assume that values like justice, beauty, kindness, are akin to scientific quantities, like length, mass and weight. take any comparative question not involving value, such as which of two suitcases is heavier. there are only three possibilities.

我认为疑惑产生的原因源于一种我们对价值的草率设想。我们不知不觉地认为，诸如正义、美丽、善良的价值观都与一些科学度量类似，都能被量度，譬如长度、质量、重量。试想一个与价值观毫不相关的比较，例如两个行李箱中哪个更重。仅有三种可能性。

the weight of one is greater, lesser or equal to the weight of the other. properties like weight can be represented by real numbers -- one, two, three and so on -- and there are only three possible comparisons between any two real numbers. one number is greater, lesser, or equal to the other.not so with values.

其中一个的重量大于、小于 或等于另一个。像重量这样的性质能够用真实的数字来表达——1,2,3…… 而且在两个数字间的比较中只有三种可能。一个数字大于、小于或等于另一个数字价值观却不是如此。

as post-enlightenment creatures, we tend to assume that scientific thinking holds the key to everything of importance in our world, but the world of value is different from the world of science. the stuff of the one world can be quantified by real numbers. the stuff of the other world can"t. we shouldn"t assume that the world of is, of lengths and weights, has the same structure as the world of ought, of what we should do.

作为后启蒙时期的生物，我们总是设想科学思维可以解决世界上一切重要的问题，但价值观的世界不同于科学的世界。科学界中， 一切事物可被数字度量。可价值观的世界中却不能。我们不能认为充斥着"是否"、"长度"和"重量"的数字世界与"该不该"和"该做什么"的价值世界有着同样的架构。

so if what matters to us -- a child"s delight, the love you have for your partner — can"t be represented by real numbers, then there"s no reason to believe that in choice, there are only three possibilities -- that one alternative is better, worse or equal to the other. we need to introduce a new, fourth relation beyond being better, worse or equal, that describes what"s going on in hard choices. i like to say that the alternatives are "on a par."

所以，如果我们觉得重要的东西，如：孩子的幸福、对另一半的爱，不能用数字来表示， 那么我们就没有理由相信， 在抉择过程中只有三种可能性： 其中一选项总会优于、劣于或等于另一项。我们需要一种全新的思考维度，第四种关系除了优于、劣于和等于之外，第四种关系能描述艰难抉择的运行模式。我偏好把各选项看做 "等价"。

when alternatives are on a par, it may matter very much which you choose, but one alternative isn"t better than the other. rather, the alternatives are in the same neighborhood of value, in the same league of value, while at the same time being very different in kind of value. that"s why the choice is hard.

当所有选项等价时，你的选择就变得极为重要，但选项本身却没有哪个比其他的好。反之，所有的选择项都有类似的价值，都处于同一种价值范畴当中，但同时他们又具有不同的价值。这正是让选择变得困难的原因。

understanding hard choices in this way uncovers something about ourselves we didn"t know. each of us has the power to create reasons. imagine a world in which every choice you face is an easy choice, that is, there"s always a best alternative. if there"s a best alternative, then that"s the one you should choose,because part of being rational is doing the better thing rather than the worse thing, choosing what you have most reason to choose.

如此理解艰难抉择，我们就会在自己身上发现一些意料之外的东西。我们每个人都有能力去创造理由。想象一下若在某个世界中你只需面对简单抉择，那么，永远都有最佳项。若有最佳项，你就应该选它，因为保持理智就意味着选好的不选坏的，选最合理的。

in such a world, we"d have most reason to wear black socks instead of pink socks,to eat cereal instead of donuts, to live in the city rather than the country, to marry betty instead of lolita. a world full of only easy choices would enslave us to reasons.

在这样的世界里，我们有充足的理由去穿黑袜子而不穿粉色袜子，去吃干麦片不吃甜甜圈，去留在城市里不转向乡区，去娶betty而不娶lolita。充满简单抉择的世界，会让我们成为"原由"的奴隶。

when you think about it,it"s nuts to believe that the reasons given to you dictated that you had most reason to pursue the e_act hobbies you do, to live in the e_act house you do, to work at the e_act job you do. instead, you faced alternatives that were on a par -- hard choices -- and you made reasons for yourself to choose that hobby, that house and that job.

当你这样想，你会发现自己一定是疯了才会相信 摆在你面前的选择会决定你追寻各种事物的理由，会决定你的爱好，让你住现在的房子，让你选现在的工作。事实上，当你面对的是多个选择，多个等价的选择，困难的选择，你会为自己制造理由来选择这项爱好、这所房子和这份工作。

when alternatives are on a par, the reasons given to us, the ones that determine whether we"re making a mistake, are silent as to what to do. it"s here, in the space of hard choices, that we get to e_ercise our normative power -- the power to create reasons for yourself, to make yourself into the kind of person for whom country living is preferable to the urban life.

当各选项等价时， 我们面前的各种理性原由， 这些让我们分清对错的原由， 都无法给予我们一个答案。 唯有在这个有艰难抉择的世界里， 我们才能锻炼自己的 规范性力量，以创造自我的原由， 让自己变成 心中想成为的人， 一种更喜爱乡村生活而不是城市生活的人。

when we choose between options that are on a par, we can do something really rather remarkable. we can put our very selves behind an option. here"s where i stand. here"s who i am, i am for banking. i am for chocolate donuts.

当我们需要在等价选项间抉择时，我们能做出一些十分了不起的事。我们能把自身放在一个选项之后。(说道)这就是我的选择，这就是我。我选银行业。我选巧克力甜甜圈。

this response in hard choices is a rational response, but it"s not dictated by reasons given to us. rather, it"s supported by reasons created by us. when we create reasons for ourselves to become this kind of person rather than that, we wholeheartedly become the people that we are. you might say that we become the authors of our own lives.

在艰难抉择中，这种反应是一种理性反应，但却不是由我们面前的各种原由所决定的。反而，这是由我们自己创造的理由所支撑起来的。当我们为自我创造原由去成为这种人而非那种人时，我们就打心底里完完全全地成就了真正的自己。你可以说，我们成了谱写自我人生篇章的作者。

so when we face hard choices, we shouldn"t beat our head against a wall trying to figure out which alternative is better. there is no best alternative. instead of looking for reasons out there, we should be looking for reasons in here: who am i to be? you might decide to be a pink sock-wearing, cereal-loving, country-living banker, and i might decide to be a black sock-wearing, urban, donut-loving artist. what we do in hard choices is very much up to each of us.

所以当面对艰难抉择，不应该拿脑袋撞墙绞尽脑汁地去想哪个选项更优。最佳项并不存在。与其在外界苦命寻找理由，我们该往心里找： 我想成为什么样的人?你可能会决定成为一个穿粉色袜子、爱好干麦片，还住在乡村的银行家。而我可能会决定成为一个穿黑袜子，住在城市里，喜欢吃甜甜圈的艺术家。面临艰难抉择时的反应很大程度上 取决于我们自己每个人。

now, people who don"t e_ercise their normative powers in hard choices are drifters. we all know people like that. i drifted into being a lawyer. i didn"t put my agency behind lawyering. i wasn"t for lawyering. drifters allow the world to write the story of their lives. they let mechanisms of reward and punishment -- pats on the head, fear, the easiness of an option -- to determine what they do. so the lesson of hard choices: reflect on what you can put your agency behind, on what you can be for, and through hard choices, become that person.

那些不锻炼自己规范性力量的人会成为"漂流者"。我们都认识那样的人。我(被理性原由限定)"漂流"成了律师。我并没有全身心投入到律师业务当中。我不适合当律师。漂流者允许这个世界谱写他们的生命篇章(被拖着走)。他们让奖罚机制—— 鼓励、畏惧、选择的简单性——来决定自己的道路。所以艰难抉择教会我们要审视自己能把身心与精力放到何处，自己究竟追求什么，并通过困难抉择来成为那种人。

far from being sources of agony and dread, hard choices are precious opportunities for us to celebrate what is special about the human condition, that the reasons that govern our choices as correct or incorrectsometimes run out, and it is here, in the space of hard choices, that we have the power to create reasons for ourselves to become the distinctive people that we are. and that"s why hard choices are not a curse but a godsend.

艰难抉择不是痛苦和恐惧的来源，而是难得的机遇让我们庆幸人类有如此特殊的选择权利，庆幸有时候区分选择正误的理性原由会用尽，而且，庆幸有在这个具有艰难抉择的世界里，我们有能力去为自己创造理由，去成为与众不同的自己。这就是为什么，艰难抉择不是一种诅咒，而是天赐之物。

thank you.(applause)

谢谢(掌声)